{ "generated": "2026-08-14T18:37:25.065Z", "schema": "materia-knowledge-graph/v1", "description": "Evidence-graded knowledge graph: body → condition → remedy → compound → study. Every remedy×condition edge carries a letter grade and links to the studies/sources behind it.", "nodeCount": 580, "edgeCount": 505, "nodes": [ { "id": "calf", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Calf", "region": "lower-limb", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The gastrocnemius and soleus muscles — a common site of night cramps and post-exercise soreness." }, { "id": "chest", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Chest & ribs", "region": "thorax", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The ribcage, sternum, and the bones that protect the heart and lungs." }, { "id": "brain", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Brain", "region": "head", "systems": [ "nervous", "organs" ], "summary": "The brain — control center for mood, sleep, pain, and cognition." }, { "id": "foot", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Foot & ankle", "region": "lower-limb", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The tarsals, metatarsals, and toe bones, and the ankle." }, { "id": "forearm", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Forearm", "region": "upper-limb", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The radius and ulna, between the elbow and the wrist." }, { "id": "hand", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Hand & wrist", "region": "upper-limb", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "Many small joints make the hands an early and telling site of inflammatory arthritis." }, { "id": "head", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Head & skull", "region": "head", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The cranium, facial bones, jaw, and the small bones of the ear." }, { "id": "heart", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Heart", "region": "thorax", "systems": [ "cardiovascular", "organs" ], "summary": "The heart — the pump behind circulation and blood pressure." }, { "id": "hip", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Hip & pelvis", "region": "pelvis", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The pelvic bones and the hip joint that carry the body's weight." }, { "id": "intestines", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Intestines & gut", "region": "abdomen", "systems": [ "digestive", "organs" ], "summary": "The small and large intestine — digestion, absorption, and gut health." }, { "id": "kidneys", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Kidneys", "region": "abdomen", "systems": [ "organs" ], "summary": "The kidneys — filtration, fluid and mineral balance, and stones." }, { "id": "knee", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Knee", "region": "lower-limb", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The body’s largest hinge joint, where the femur, tibia and kneecap meet — a frequent site of osteoarthritis and overuse pain." }, { "id": "lower-back", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Lower back", "region": "back", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The lumbar spine and its supporting muscles — the most common site of back pain." }, { "id": "lungs", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Lungs & airways", "region": "thorax", "systems": [ "respiratory", "organs" ], "summary": "The lungs, trachea, and bronchi — breathing and gas exchange." }, { "id": "neck", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Neck", "region": "neck", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The cervical spine and the structures of the throat and larynx." }, { "id": "liver", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Liver", "region": "abdomen", "systems": [ "digestive", "organs" ], "summary": "The liver — metabolism, bile, and detoxification." }, { "id": "shoulder", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Shoulder", "region": "upper-limb", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The scapula and clavicle and the joint that links the arm to the trunk." }, { "id": "pancreas", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Pancreas", "region": "abdomen", "systems": [ "digestive", "endocrine", "organs" ], "summary": "The pancreas — digestive enzymes and blood-sugar hormones." }, { "id": "skin", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Skin", "region": "whole-body", "systems": [ "integumentary" ], "summary": "The skin — the body's largest organ and outer barrier." }, { "id": "stomach", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Stomach", "region": "abdomen", "systems": [ "digestive", "organs" ], "summary": "The stomach — acid digestion; the site of reflux and ulcers." }, { "id": "thigh", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Thigh", "region": "lower-limb", "systems": [ "muscular", "skeletal" ], "summary": "The large quadriceps and hamstring muscles, frequently sore after unfamiliar training." }, { "id": "upper-arm", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Upper arm", "region": "upper-limb", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The humerus — the long bone between shoulder and elbow." }, { "id": "thyroid", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Thyroid", "region": "neck", "systems": [ "endocrine", "organs" ], "summary": "The thyroid gland — sets metabolic rate via thyroid hormone." }, { "id": "upper-back", "type": "bodyPart", "label": "Upper back", "region": "back", "systems": [ "skeletal", "muscular" ], "summary": "The thoracic spine — the twelve vertebrae of the mid and upper back." }, { "id": "acne-vulgaris", "type": "condition", "label": "Acne vulgaris", "aliases": [ "acne", "pimples", "spots", "breakouts", "zits" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "A common skin condition where hair follicles clog with oil and dead skin, producing blackheads, whiteheads, and inflamed papules — most often on the face, chest, and back.", "redFlags": [ "Deep, painful nodules or cysts, or acne that is scarring — needs prescription treatment to prevent permanent scars.", "Sudden severe acne with fever, joint pain, or feeling unwell (acne fulminans) — seek medical care.", "Acne with signs of a hormonal disorder (irregular periods, excess facial/body hair, rapid weight gain) — worth medical assessment for conditions like PCOS.", "Acne not improving after 2–3 months of suitable over-the-counter care, or causing significant distress." ] }, { "id": "adhd", "type": "condition", "label": "ADHD", "aliases": [ "attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "A neurodevelopmental condition affecting attention, impulse control, and activity level across daily life.", "redFlags": [ "Thoughts of self-harm, or severe functional breakdown — seek professional help.", "Diagnosis and treatment should be clinician-led; supplements are not a substitute." ] }, { "id": "allergic-rhinitis", "type": "condition", "label": "Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)", "aliases": [ "hay fever", "seasonal allergies", "nasal allergies", "pollen allergy" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "An allergic reaction in the nose to airborne triggers like pollen, dust mites, or animal dander, causing sneezing, a runny or blocked nose, and itchy, watery eyes.", "redFlags": [ "Strictly one-sided nasal blockage, discharge, or recurrent one-sided nosebleeds — can signal a polyp or other structural problem, not allergy.", "Wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness — possible asthma needing assessment.", "Clear watery discharge after head trauma, or persistently one-sided — could be cerebrospinal fluid; emergency.", "Facial/lip/tongue swelling, throat tightness, or difficulty breathing — anaphylaxis, a medical emergency.", "No response to standard antihistamines/intranasal steroids after several weeks — reconsider the diagnosis with a clinician." ] }, { "id": "age-related-macular-degeneration", "type": "condition", "label": "Age-related macular degeneration", "aliases": [ "AMD", "macular degeneration" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Progressive damage to the central retina that blurs central vision in older adults.", "redFlags": [ "Sudden distortion or loss of central vision, or a dark spot — urgent ophthalmology (possible wet AMD)." ] }, { "id": "anxiety", "type": "condition", "label": "Anxiety & stress", "aliases": [ "anxiety", "stress", "generalized anxiety", "GAD" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Excessive, persistent worry or stress that interferes with daily life.", "redFlags": [ "Thoughts of self-harm or suicide — seek emergency help immediately", "New severe anxiety with chest pain, palpitations, or breathlessness (exclude a heart or lung cause)" ] }, { "id": "asthma", "type": "condition", "label": "Asthma", "aliases": [ "reactive airway disease" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "A chronic condition where the airways narrow and inflame, causing wheezing, breathlessness, and cough.", "redFlags": [ "Severe breathlessness, inability to speak in full sentences, blue lips, or a reliever inhaler not working — emergency.", "Frequent night-time symptoms or rising reliever use needs review." ] }, { "id": "atopic-dermatitis", "type": "condition", "label": "Atopic dermatitis (eczema)", "aliases": [ "eczema", "atopic eczema", "dermatitis", "itchy skin rash" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "A chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin condition causing dry, intensely itchy, inflamed patches — often starting in childhood and linked to a weakened skin barrier.", "redFlags": [ "Weeping, yellow crusting, pus, increasing pain or warmth — possible bacterial skin infection.", "Painful clustered blisters or punched-out sores with fever — possible eczema herpeticum, a medical emergency.", "Sudden widespread redness over most of the body (erythroderma) — seek urgent care.", "Eczema not controlled despite good moisturising and appropriate over-the-counter steroid use, or severe sleep loss from itching." ] }, { "id": "atrial-fibrillation", "type": "condition", "label": "Atrial fibrillation", "aliases": [ "AFib", "irregular heartbeat", "arrhythmia" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "An irregular, often rapid heart rhythm that raises the risk of stroke and heart failure.", "redFlags": [ "Chest pain, severe breathlessness, or fainting — call emergency services.", "Stroke signs (face droop, arm weakness, speech difficulty) — emergency.", "A new irregular or racing pulse needs medical assessment and stroke-risk review." ] }, { "id": "benign-prostatic-hyperplasia", "type": "condition", "label": "Benign prostatic hyperplasia", "aliases": [ "BPH", "enlarged prostate" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Non-cancerous prostate enlargement in older men causing urinary frequency, urgency, and a weak stream.", "redFlags": [ "Inability to urinate (retention), blood in urine, or fever with urinary symptoms — urgent care." ] }, { "id": "carpal-tunnel-syndrome", "type": "condition", "label": "Carpal tunnel syndrome", "aliases": [ "CTS", "median nerve compression", "wrist nerve pain", "numb hands at night" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Compression of the median nerve at the wrist, causing numbness, tingling, and pain in the thumb, index, and middle fingers — often worse at night.", "redFlags": [ "Constant (rather than intermittent) numbness, or wasting/weakness of the muscle at the base of the thumb — signs of nerve damage that usually need surgical assessment.", "Frequently dropping objects or losing fine motor control.", "Symptoms that progressively worsen or fail to improve with splinting and activity changes over several weeks.", "Numbness spreading beyond the median-nerve fingers, or neck pain radiating down the arm — may point to another cause needing evaluation." ] }, { "id": "chronic-stress", "type": "condition", "label": "Chronic stress", "aliases": [ "stress", "burnout" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Prolonged psychological stress that affects sleep, mood, and physical health.", "redFlags": [ "Thoughts of suicide or self-harm — seek emergency help.", "Stress with chest pain, panic, or inability to function — get support." ] }, { "id": "chronic-fatigue", "type": "condition", "label": "Chronic fatigue", "aliases": [ "chronic fatigue syndrome", "ME/CFS", "persistent tiredness" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Persistent, disabling fatigue not relieved by rest and not explained by another condition.", "redFlags": [ "Fatigue with chest pain, breathlessness, marked weight loss, or fainting needs prompt medical work-up to exclude serious causes." ] }, { "id": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "type": "condition", "label": "Chronic musculoskeletal pain", "aliases": [ "chronic muscle and joint pain", "widespread aches" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Persistent, non-specific pain in muscles and joints lasting months.", "redFlags": [ "New severe or night pain, unexplained weight loss, or a history of cancer", "Fever together with the pain" ] }, { "id": "chronic-venous-insufficiency", "type": "condition", "label": "Chronic venous insufficiency", "aliases": [ "CVI", "venous insufficiency", "varicose vein symptoms", "leg heaviness", "venous edema" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "When leg veins struggle to return blood to the heart, causing aching, heaviness, swelling, and varicose veins — usually worse after standing.", "redFlags": [ "Sudden one-sided leg swelling that is painful, warm, or red — possible deep vein thrombosis (blood clot); seek urgent care and do NOT self-treat.", "Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, or coughing up blood (especially with leg swelling) — possible pulmonary embolism; call emergency services.", "An open sore or non-healing wound on the lower leg or ankle (venous ulcer).", "Spreading redness, warmth, and fever (cellulitis), or hardened/discoloured skin.", "Swelling in both legs with breathlessness or reduced urination — may point to heart, kidney, or liver causes." ] }, { "id": "cold-sores", "type": "condition", "label": "Cold sores", "aliases": [ "herpes labialis", "fever blisters" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Recurrent blisters around the lips caused by the herpes simplex virus.", "redFlags": [ "Sores near the eye, widespread blisters, or in someone immunocompromised — seek care." ] }, { "id": "cognitive-decline", "type": "condition", "label": "Cognitive decline & memory", "aliases": [ "memory loss", "brain fog", "age-related cognitive decline", "dementia prevention", "forgetfulness" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Age-related changes in memory, attention, and thinking speed — ranging from normal forgetfulness to mild cognitive impairment and dementia.", "redFlags": [ "Rapidly progressive decline over days to weeks (rather than years) — can signal a treatable or urgent cause.", "Getting lost in familiar places, or being unable to manage money, medications, or daily tasks safely.", "Marked personality or behaviour change — new apathy, disinhibition, paranoia, or hallucinations.", "Sudden weakness, numbness, vision loss, facial droop, or trouble speaking — treat as possible stroke; call emergency services.", "Memory change with treatable contributors (thyroid problems, B12 deficiency, depression, sleep apnoea, medication effects) deserves a clinician's workup." ] }, { "id": "common-cold", "type": "condition", "label": "Common cold", "aliases": [ "cold", "upper respiratory infection", "URI", "cough" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "A mild, self-limiting viral infection of the nose and throat.", "redFlags": [ "Difficulty breathing, chest pain, or wheeze", "High or prolonged fever, symptoms worsening after initial improvement, or lasting beyond ~10 days", "Stiff neck or confusion" ] }, { "id": "constipation", "type": "condition", "label": "Constipation", "aliases": [ "constipated", "hard stools", "irregularity" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Infrequent, hard, or difficult-to-pass stools.", "redFlags": [ "Rectal bleeding, unexplained weight loss, or new constipation after age 50", "Vomiting, severe bloating, or no passage of gas (possible obstruction)" ] }, { "id": "copd", "type": "condition", "label": "COPD", "aliases": [ "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease", "emphysema", "chronic bronchitis" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Long-term lung disease, usually from smoking, causing progressive breathlessness and cough.", "redFlags": [ "Sudden worsening breathlessness, blue lips, confusion, or coughing up blood — urgent care.", "Fever and increased/discoloured phlegm (possible exacerbation)." ] }, { "id": "coronary-artery-disease", "type": "condition", "label": "Coronary artery disease", "aliases": [ "CAD", "ischemic heart disease", "clogged arteries" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Narrowing of the arteries supplying the heart, which can cause chest pain (angina) and heart attacks.", "redFlags": [ "Chest pain/pressure spreading to arm, jaw, or back, with sweating or breathlessness — possible heart attack; call emergency services.", "Chest pain at rest or worsening with less exertion." ] }, { "id": "depression", "type": "condition", "label": "Depression", "aliases": [ "major depressive disorder", "MDD", "low mood", "clinical depression" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "A common but serious mood disorder causing persistent low mood, loss of interest, and changes in sleep, appetite, energy, and concentration — ranging from mild to severe.", "redFlags": [ "Thoughts of suicide, self-harm, or death — any plan, intent, or access to means — seek emergency help immediately (call local emergency services or a suicide crisis line).", "Thoughts of harming others, hallucinations, delusions, or severe paranoia.", "Signs of mania/hypomania (little need for sleep, racing thoughts, risky behaviour) — may indicate bipolar disorder, where antidepressants or supplements can be harmful without diagnosis.", "Not eating or drinking, severe weight loss, or being unable to function for days.", "Agitation, confusion, fast heart rate, fever, or muscle rigidity after combining serotonergic agents (e.g. St John's wort or SAMe with an SSRI) — possible serotonin syndrome; urgent care." ] }, { "id": "diabetic-neuropathy", "type": "condition", "label": "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy", "aliases": [ "nerve pain from diabetes", "diabetic nerve pain", "peripheral neuropathy", "burning feet" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Nerve damage from long-term high blood sugar, typically causing pain, burning, tingling, or numbness that starts in the feet.", "redFlags": [ "A non-healing foot sore or ulcer, spreading redness, or a foot that is hot and swollen — risk of serious infection that can threaten the limb; seek care urgently.", "Sudden weakness, loss of bladder or bowel control, or rapidly worsening numbness — needs prompt medical evaluation.", "Numbness that means you cannot feel injuries to your feet — requires regular professional foot checks." ] }, { "id": "dry-eye", "type": "condition", "label": "Dry eye", "aliases": [ "dry eye syndrome", "keratoconjunctivitis sicca" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Insufficient or poor-quality tears causing gritty, irritated, tired eyes.", "redFlags": [ "Sudden vision change, severe pain, light sensitivity, or eye injury — urgent eye care." ] }, { "id": "erectile-dysfunction", "type": "condition", "label": "Erectile dysfunction", "aliases": [ "ED", "impotence" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Difficulty getting or keeping an erection, which can also be an early sign of cardiovascular disease.", "redFlags": [ "New ED can signal heart or vascular disease or diabetes — worth a medical check.", "An erection lasting over 4 hours (priapism) is an emergency." ] }, { "id": "gallstones", "type": "condition", "label": "Gallstones", "aliases": [ "cholelithiasis" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Hardened deposits in the gallbladder that can block bile flow and cause severe right-upper-abdominal pain.", "redFlags": [ "Severe abdominal pain with fever, jaundice (yellow skin/eyes), or vomiting — urgent care (possible infection or blockage)." ] }, { "id": "fibromyalgia", "type": "condition", "label": "Fibromyalgia", "aliases": [ "widespread pain syndrome" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "A chronic condition of widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep and mood disturbance, with heightened pain sensitivity.", "redFlags": [ "New focal weakness, joint swelling, fever, or weight loss suggests a different diagnosis — get assessed." ] }, { "id": "gerd", "type": "condition", "label": "Acid reflux (GERD)", "aliases": [ "GERD", "heartburn", "acid reflux", "reflux" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Stomach acid flowing back into the oesophagus, causing heartburn and regurgitation.", "redFlags": [ "Difficulty or pain swallowing, unintentional weight loss, or vomiting blood / black stools", "New reflux after age 60, or chest pain (always exclude a heart cause first)" ] }, { "id": "gout", "type": "condition", "label": "Gout", "aliases": [ "gouty arthritis", "podagra", "uric acid arthritis" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "A form of arthritis caused by uric-acid crystals, classically a sudden, intensely painful, red, swollen big-toe joint.", "redFlags": [ "A hot, swollen joint with fever or chills — this can be a joint infection (septic arthritis), an emergency", "Many joints involved at once, or rapid joint destruction", "A first attack in an unusual joint or in a young person" ] }, { "id": "hair-loss", "type": "condition", "label": "Hair loss", "aliases": [ "androgenetic alopecia", "male pattern baldness", "thinning hair" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Gradual thinning or loss of scalp hair, most commonly the hereditary androgenetic pattern.", "redFlags": [ "Sudden patchy loss, scarring, scalp inflammation, or hair loss with other symptoms — get evaluated for treatable causes." ] }, { "id": "hand-osteoarthritis", "type": "condition", "label": "Hand osteoarthritis", "aliases": [ "hand OA", "finger arthritis", "thumb arthritis" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Wear of the small joints of the hand, causing knobbly, achy, stiff fingers — common with age.", "redFlags": [ "A single hot, red, acutely swollen joint with fever (rule out infection)", "Rapidly destructive or deforming joint changes", "Symmetric swelling of many small joints with prolonged morning stiffness (consider rheumatoid arthritis)" ] }, { "id": "heart-failure", "type": "condition", "label": "Heart failure", "aliases": [ "congestive heart failure", "CHF" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "A long-term condition where the heart cannot pump blood as effectively as it should, causing breathlessness, fatigue, and fluid build-up.", "redFlags": [ "Severe or sudden breathlessness, breathlessness at rest or lying flat, or waking gasping for air — seek urgent care.", "Chest pain, fainting, or a racing/irregular heartbeat.", "Rapid weight gain or swelling of legs/abdomen over days." ] }, { "id": "hemorrhoids", "type": "condition", "label": "Hemorrhoids", "aliases": [ "piles" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Swollen veins in the lower rectum and anus causing itching, discomfort, and bright-red bleeding.", "redFlags": [ "Significant or persistent rectal bleeding, dark blood, or change in bowel habits — must be checked to exclude other causes." ] }, { "id": "high-triglycerides", "type": "condition", "label": "High triglycerides", "aliases": [ "hypertriglyceridemia" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Raised levels of triglyceride fats in the blood, which contribute to cardiovascular risk and, when very high, pancreatitis.", "redFlags": [ "Severe abdominal pain (very high triglycerides can trigger pancreatitis)." ] }, { "id": "high-cholesterol", "type": "condition", "label": "High cholesterol", "aliases": [ "hyperlipidemia", "high LDL", "dyslipidemia" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Elevated LDL (\"bad\") cholesterol, a key, symptomless risk factor for cardiovascular disease.", "redFlags": [ "Chest pain, leg-cramping with walking, or stroke-like symptoms (signs of established vascular disease)", "Tendon lumps, eyelid deposits, or a grey corneal ring in someone young (possible inherited high cholesterol)" ] }, { "id": "hip-osteoarthritis", "type": "condition", "label": "Hip osteoarthritis", "aliases": [ "hip OA", "hip arthritis", "worn hip joint" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Degenerative wear of the hip joint causing groin or buttock pain and stiffness, worse with weight-bearing.", "redFlags": [ "Constant rest or night pain, or unexplained weight loss (rule out other causes)", "Fever with hip pain (possible joint infection)", "Sudden inability to bear weight, or a fall in an older/osteoporotic person (possible fracture)", "Heavy steroid or alcohol use, or sickle-cell disease (risk of avascular necrosis)" ] }, { "id": "hypertension", "type": "condition", "label": "High blood pressure", "aliases": [ "hypertension", "high BP", "raised blood pressure" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Persistently elevated arterial pressure — usually symptomless, but a major driver of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease.", "redFlags": [ "BP ≥180/120 with chest pain, breathlessness, severe headache, vision change, or confusion — a hypertensive emergency (call emergency services)", "Sudden \"thunderclap\" headache or signs of stroke (face droop, arm weakness, speech trouble)" ] }, { "id": "hyperthyroidism", "type": "condition", "label": "Hyperthyroidism", "aliases": [ "overactive thyroid" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "An overactive thyroid producing too much hormone, causing weight loss, palpitations, anxiety, and heat intolerance.", "redFlags": [ "High fever, racing/irregular heart, agitation, or confusion — possible thyroid storm; emergency.", "Palpitations or significant weight loss need medical assessment." ] }, { "id": "hypothyroidism", "type": "condition", "label": "Hypothyroidism", "aliases": [ "underactive thyroid", "low thyroid" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "An underactive thyroid producing too little hormone, causing fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and low mood.", "redFlags": [ "Profound lethargy, confusion, or low body temperature — rare but serious (myxedema); urgent care.", "Do not stop prescribed thyroid medication; supplements do not replace it." ] }, { "id": "ibs", "type": "condition", "label": "Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)", "aliases": [ "IBS", "spastic colon", "irritable bowel" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "A common disorder of gut–brain interaction causing abdominal pain with altered bowel habits.", "redFlags": [ "Rectal bleeding, unexplained weight loss, or anemia", "Symptoms that wake you at night, onset after age 50, or a family history of bowel cancer or IBD" ] }, { "id": "inflammatory-bowel-disease", "type": "condition", "label": "Inflammatory bowel disease", "aliases": [ "IBD", "Crohn's disease", "ulcerative colitis" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Chronic immune-driven inflammation of the gut (Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis) causing diarrhea, pain, and bleeding.", "redFlags": [ "Bloody diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, high fever, or dehydration — urgent care.", "Unintentional weight loss; this condition needs specialist management." ] }, { "id": "influenza", "type": "condition", "label": "Influenza", "aliases": [ "flu", "seasonal flu" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "A viral respiratory infection causing fever, aches, and fatigue — usually self-limiting but riskier for vulnerable groups.", "redFlags": [ "Difficulty breathing, chest pain, persistent high fever, confusion, or bluish lips — urgent care.", "High-risk groups (elderly, pregnant, chronic illness) should seek early advice." ] }, { "id": "insomnia", "type": "condition", "label": "Insomnia", "aliases": [ "trouble sleeping", "sleeplessness", "poor sleep" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Difficulty falling or staying asleep despite adequate opportunity, with daytime impact.", "redFlags": [ "Loud snoring, gasping, or witnessed pauses in breathing (possible sleep apnea)", "Insomnia with low mood or thoughts of self-harm — seek help promptly" ] }, { "id": "kidney-stones", "type": "condition", "label": "Kidney stones", "aliases": [ "kidney stone", "renal calculi", "nephrolithiasis" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys and cause severe flank pain as they pass.", "redFlags": [ "Flank pain with fever or chills — a possible infected, blocked stone (urosepsis), a medical emergency", "Inability to urinate, relentless vomiting, or pain not controlled by painkillers" ] }, { "id": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "condition", "label": "Knee osteoarthritis", "aliases": [ "knee OA", "knee arthritis", "worn knee cartilage", "achy knees" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Gradual wear of the knee’s cartilage causing pain, stiffness and reduced function — the most common joint affected by osteoarthritis.", "redFlags": [ "Hot, red, swollen joint with fever or chills", "Sudden severe pain or inability to bear weight", "The knee locks or gives way", "Rapid large swelling after an injury", "Calf swelling or redness (to rule out a clot)" ] }, { "id": "low-back-pain", "type": "condition", "label": "Low back pain", "aliases": [ "lower back pain", "lumbago", "backache" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Pain in the lumbar spine, usually non-specific and self-limiting, but occasionally a sign of something serious.", "redFlags": [ "Loss of bladder or bowel control, or numbness around the groin/saddle area", "Progressive leg weakness or numbness", "Fever, or a history of cancer, with new back pain", "Significant trauma, or minor trauma if you have osteoporosis", "Unexplained weight loss or pain that is worse at night" ] }, { "id": "menopause-symptoms", "type": "condition", "label": "Menopause symptoms", "aliases": [ "menopause", "hot flashes", "perimenopause" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Symptoms around the end of menstruation — hot flashes, sleep and mood changes — from declining estrogen.", "redFlags": [ "Bleeding after menopause must always be medically evaluated." ] }, { "id": "metabolic-syndrome", "type": "condition", "label": "Metabolic syndrome", "aliases": [ "insulin resistance syndrome" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "A cluster of risk factors — abdominal fat, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal lipids — that together raise cardiovascular and diabetes risk.", "redFlags": [ "Chest pain or stroke symptoms indicate the downstream cardiovascular risk has become acute — emergency." ] }, { "id": "migraine", "type": "condition", "label": "Migraine", "aliases": [ "migraines", "migraine headache", "sick headache" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "A neurological disorder of recurrent, often one-sided throbbing headaches, sometimes with aura, nausea, and light sensitivity.", "redFlags": [ "A sudden \"thunderclap\" headache that peaks within a minute", "The \"worst headache of your life\", or a clearly different new pattern", "Headache with fever and a stiff neck, confusion, weakness, or vision loss", "A new headache after age 50, or with a history of cancer or weakened immunity", "Headache after head injury, or that wakes you from sleep" ] }, { "id": "minor-burns", "type": "condition", "label": "Minor burns", "aliases": [ "first-degree burn", "second-degree burn", "scald", "sunburn" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Superficial burns affecting the outer skin layers, causing redness, pain, and sometimes blistering, that usually heal without scarring when small and well cared for.", "redFlags": [ "Burns larger than the palm of your hand, or on the face, hands, feet, genitals, or over a joint — seek medical care.", "Deep burns that look white, leathery, or charred, or cause little pain (full-thickness) — emergency care.", "Chemical or electrical burns, or any burn with signs of infection (increasing pain, pus, fever) — get medical help.", "Burns in infants, older adults, or anyone with diabetes or poor circulation — have them assessed." ] }, { "id": "muscle-cramps", "type": "condition", "label": "Muscle cramps", "aliases": [ "leg cramps", "nocturnal leg cramps", "charley horse" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Sudden, involuntary, painful muscle contractions, often in the calf and often at night.", "redFlags": [ "A leg cramp with swelling, redness or warmth (to rule out a clot)", "Progressive muscle weakness, wasting or twitching", "Cramps linked to a new medication or to kidney or thyroid disease" ] }, { "id": "muscle-soreness", "type": "condition", "label": "Muscle soreness (DOMS)", "aliases": [ "DOMS", "delayed onset muscle soreness", "post-exercise soreness" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "The achy, tender muscles that appear a day or two after unfamiliar or intense exercise.", "redFlags": [ "Severe swelling with dark/cola-colored urine after intense exercise (possible rhabdomyolysis)", "Pain from a sudden 'pop' or that prevents movement" ] }, { "id": "nafld", "type": "condition", "label": "Fatty liver disease (NAFLD)", "aliases": [ "NAFLD", "NASH", "fatty liver", "metabolic liver disease" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Fat build-up in the liver, linked to weight and metabolic health; can progress to inflammation (NASH) and scarring.", "redFlags": [ "Yellowing of skin/eyes, abdominal swelling, confusion, or vomiting blood (signs of advanced liver disease)", "Easy bruising, marked fatigue, or unexplained weight loss" ] }, { "id": "obesity", "type": "condition", "label": "Obesity", "aliases": [ "overweight", "weight management" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Excess body fat that raises the risk of diabetes, heart disease, and joint problems; managed with diet, activity, and sometimes medication.", "redFlags": [ "Rapid unexplained weight change, or weight gain with swelling/breathlessness — get assessed." ] }, { "id": "nausea", "type": "condition", "label": "Nausea & vomiting", "aliases": [ "nausea", "vomiting", "morning sickness", "motion sickness", "queasiness", "upset stomach" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "The unpleasant feeling of needing to be sick, with or without vomiting — a symptom of many causes, from pregnancy and motion to medication and surgery.", "redFlags": [ "Vomiting that prevents keeping down any fluids for more than ~24 hours, or signs of dehydration (little urination, dizziness, rapid heartbeat).", "Blood in vomit, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds — possible GI bleeding.", "Green/yellow bilious vomiting with severe abdominal pain, or vomiting after a head injury.", "Vomiting with high fever, stiff neck, severe headache, or confusion.", "Severe pregnancy vomiting with weight loss and dehydration (hyperemesis gravidarum) — needs obstetric care." ] }, { "id": "osteoporosis", "type": "condition", "label": "Osteoporosis", "aliases": [ "low bone density", "brittle bones", "bone loss", "osteopenia" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "A condition where bones lose density and strength, raising the risk of fractures — especially of the hip, spine, and wrist — often without symptoms until a break occurs.", "redFlags": [ "A fracture from a fall at standing height or less (especially hip, spine, or wrist) in an adult over 50 — needs osteoporosis evaluation.", "Sudden or severe back pain, loss of height (>4 cm), or a new stooped posture — possible vertebral compression fracture.", "Hip, groin, or thigh pain on weight-bearing after a minor fall — possible hip fracture; get urgent imaging.", "Long-term steroid use or early menopause (before 45) — warrants proactive bone-density screening.", "Already diagnosed with osteoporosis — supplements alone are not adequate treatment; discuss prescription therapy with a clinician." ] }, { "id": "overactive-bladder", "type": "condition", "label": "Overactive bladder", "aliases": [ "OAB", "urinary urgency" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "A sudden, frequent urge to urinate, sometimes with leakage.", "redFlags": [ "Blood in urine, pain, fever, or new urgency with neurological symptoms — get evaluated." ] }, { "id": "parkinsons-disease", "type": "condition", "label": "Parkinson's disease", "aliases": [ "parkinsonism" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "A progressive neurological disorder affecting movement, causing tremor, stiffness, and slowness.", "redFlags": [ "Sudden severe symptoms, falls, swallowing or breathing difficulty, or confusion — urgent care.", "This condition requires specialist neurological management." ] }, { "id": "peptic-ulcer-disease", "type": "condition", "label": "Peptic ulcer disease", "aliases": [ "stomach ulcer", "duodenal ulcer" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Open sores in the stomach or upper intestine lining, often from H. pylori or NSAIDs, causing burning upper-abdominal pain.", "redFlags": [ "Vomiting blood or black/tarry stools, or sudden severe abdominal pain — emergency (bleeding or perforation).", "Unintentional weight loss or difficulty swallowing." ] }, { "id": "period-pain", "type": "condition", "label": "Period pain", "aliases": [ "dysmenorrhea", "menstrual cramps" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Painful cramping during menstruation, usually from uterine contractions.", "redFlags": [ "Severe or worsening pain, pain outside periods, or pain with fever/abnormal bleeding — may signal endometriosis or infection." ] }, { "id": "peripheral-artery-disease", "type": "condition", "label": "Peripheral artery disease", "aliases": [ "PAD", "claudication" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Narrowed leg arteries that reduce blood flow, causing cramping leg pain on walking.", "redFlags": [ "Leg pain at rest, non-healing foot wounds, or a cold/pale/blue foot — possible critical limb ischemia; urgent care." ] }, { "id": "plantar-fasciitis", "type": "condition", "label": "Plantar fasciitis", "aliases": [ "heel pain", "plantar heel pain", "policeman’s heel" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Inflammation/degeneration of the band along the sole, causing sharp heel pain — classically worst with the first steps in the morning.", "redFlags": [ "Numbness, tingling, or burning into the foot (possible nerve entrapment, not fasciitis)", "Pain worse at night or at rest, or after a \"pop\"/inability to bear weight (rule out fracture or rupture)", "Bilateral heel pain in a young person with other joint involvement (possible inflammatory arthritis)", "Redness, warmth, swelling, or fever (possible infection)" ] }, { "id": "polycystic-ovary-syndrome", "type": "condition", "label": "Polycystic ovary syndrome", "aliases": [ "PCOS" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "A common hormonal disorder causing irregular periods, excess androgens, and metabolic effects.", "redFlags": [ "Very irregular or absent periods, or difficulty conceiving — needs medical assessment and metabolic screening." ] }, { "id": "premenstrual-syndrome", "type": "condition", "label": "Premenstrual syndrome", "aliases": [ "PMS", "PMDD", "premenstrual" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Physical and emotional symptoms in the days before a period, ranging from mild to disabling (PMDD).", "redFlags": [ "Severe mood symptoms or thoughts of self-harm (possible PMDD) — seek help." ] }, { "id": "prediabetes", "type": "condition", "label": "Prediabetes", "aliases": [ "impaired glucose tolerance", "borderline diabetes" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Blood sugar higher than normal but not yet diabetic — a reversible warning stage where diet and activity matter most.", "redFlags": [ "Symptoms of diabetes (excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision) suggest progression — get tested." ] }, { "id": "psoriasis", "type": "condition", "label": "Psoriasis", "aliases": [ "plaque psoriasis" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "A chronic immune-driven skin condition causing thick, scaly, often itchy plaques.", "redFlags": [ "Sudden widespread redness/pustules with fever (erythrodermic/pustular psoriasis) — urgent care.", "Joint pain/swelling (possible psoriatic arthritis) needs assessment." ] }, { "id": "restless-legs-syndrome", "type": "condition", "label": "Restless legs syndrome", "aliases": [ "RLS", "Willis-Ekbom disease" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "An irresistible urge to move the legs, usually in the evening, that disrupts sleep.", "redFlags": [ "New, rapidly worsening, or one-sided symptoms, or weakness/numbness — get evaluated (and iron levels checked)." ] }, { "id": "rheumatoid-arthritis", "type": "condition", "label": "Rheumatoid arthritis", "aliases": [ "RA", "inflammatory arthritis" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "An autoimmune disease causing symmetric joint inflammation, often starting in the hands and wrists.", "redFlags": [ "Persistent symmetric joint swelling and morning stiffness lasting more than 6 weeks (get evaluated early)", "A single hot, red, acutely swollen joint with fever", "Chest pain, shortness of breath, or new eye redness or vision change" ] }, { "id": "recurrent-uti", "type": "condition", "label": "Recurrent urinary tract infection", "aliases": [ "recurrent UTI", "bladder infection", "cystitis", "frequent UTIs" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "Repeated urinary tract infections (commonly defined as 2+ in 6 months or 3+ in a year), usually in women, causing burning, urgency, and frequent urination.", "redFlags": [ "Fever, chills, or feeling systemically unwell with urinary symptoms — the infection may have reached the kidneys (pyelonephritis).", "Flank or lower-back pain below the ribs, nausea, or vomiting — possible kidney involvement.", "Visible blood in the urine.", "Any UTI symptoms in pregnancy — needs prompt treatment; do not self-treat with supplements.", "UTI symptoms in men, children, or anyone with a catheter, stones, or urinary-tract abnormality — get medically assessed." ] }, { "id": "rosacea", "type": "condition", "label": "Rosacea", "aliases": [ "facial redness" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "A chronic skin condition causing facial flushing, redness, and pimple-like bumps, usually on the central face.", "redFlags": [ "Eye irritation, grittiness, or vision changes (ocular rosacea) — see a clinician." ] }, { "id": "sarcopenia", "type": "condition", "label": "Sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss)", "aliases": [ "muscle loss", "muscle wasting", "age-related muscle weakness", "low muscle mass" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "The progressive loss of muscle mass and strength with aging, which raises the risk of falls, frailty, and loss of independence.", "redFlags": [ "Rapid or unexplained muscle wasting or weight loss over weeks to months — needs evaluation for an underlying illness.", "Weakness affecting swallowing, speaking, or breathing — urgent evaluation for neuromuscular disease.", "Asymmetric weakness, or weakness with numbness/tingling — suggests a neurological cause, not simple aging.", "Muscle pain with dark/cola-coloured urine — possible muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis); seek care.", "New falls or inability to rise from a chair — warrants a clinical strength and falls assessment." ] }, { "id": "seborrheic-dermatitis", "type": "condition", "label": "Seborrheic dermatitis", "aliases": [ "dandruff", "seborrhea" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "A common scaly, itchy rash of oily areas like the scalp and face (dandruff is the mild scalp form).", "redFlags": [ "Spreading redness, weeping, or signs of infection — see a clinician." ] }, { "id": "sinusitis", "type": "condition", "label": "Sinusitis", "aliases": [ "sinus infection", "rhinosinusitis" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "Inflammation of the sinuses causing facial pressure, congestion, and nasal discharge — usually viral and self-limiting.", "redFlags": [ "Severe headache, swelling/redness around the eye, vision changes, or confusion — seek urgent care.", "Symptoms beyond ~10 days or high fever (possible bacterial infection)." ] }, { "id": "tendinopathy", "type": "condition", "label": "Tendinopathy", "aliases": [ "tendinitis", "tennis elbow", "lateral epicondylitis", "Achilles tendinopathy", "overuse tendon pain" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Pain and dysfunction of a tendon from overuse — common at the elbow (tennis elbow), Achilles, and shoulder — where the tendon degenerates rather than simply 'inflames'.", "redFlags": [ "A sudden 'pop' or snap with immediate loss of strength or function — possible tendon rupture; needs urgent assessment.", "Joint warmth, redness, and swelling with fever — possible infection rather than overuse.", "Constant pain that wakes you from sleep, or pain unrelated to activity — atypical for mechanical tendinopathy.", "Recent fluoroquinolone antibiotic or corticosteroid use with new tendon pain — raised rupture risk." ] }, { "id": "thyroiditis", "type": "condition", "label": "Hashimoto’s thyroiditis", "aliases": [ "Hashimoto", "autoimmune thyroiditis", "hypothyroidism" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "Autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid, the most common cause of an underactive thyroid.", "redFlags": [ "A rapidly enlarging, hard, or fixed neck lump, or trouble swallowing/breathing", "Severe symptoms — very slow heart rate, low body temperature, or confusion" ] }, { "id": "tinnitus", "type": "condition", "label": "Tinnitus", "aliases": [ "ringing in the ears" ], "severity": "chronic", "summary": "The perception of ringing or buzzing with no external source, often linked to hearing loss.", "redFlags": [ "One-sided tinnitus, sudden hearing loss, vertigo, or pulsatile (heartbeat) tinnitus — needs prompt assessment." ] }, { "id": "tension-headache", "type": "condition", "label": "Tension headache", "aliases": [ "tension-type headache", "stress headache", "band-like headache" ], "severity": "self-limiting", "summary": "The common \"band around the head\" headache — usually mild-to-moderate, bilateral, and pressing rather than throbbing.", "redFlags": [ "A sudden \"thunderclap\" headache", "Headache with fever, stiff neck, weakness, vision change, or confusion", "A new or progressively worsening headache after age 50" ] }, { "id": "type-2-diabetes", "type": "condition", "label": "Type 2 diabetes", "aliases": [ "high blood sugar", "T2DM", "diabetes mellitus type 2", "insulin resistance" ], "severity": "see-a-doctor", "summary": "A long-term condition where the body cannot keep blood sugar in a healthy range, usually from a mix of insulin resistance and declining insulin output from the pancreas.", "redFlags": [ "Very high blood sugar with excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, fruity breath, deep rapid breathing, vomiting, or confusion — possible diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar state; seek emergency care.", "Symptoms of low blood sugar (shakiness, sweating, palpitations, confusion, fainting), especially when combining supplements with insulin or sulfonylureas.", "New numbness, burning, or non-healing sores on the feet; sudden vision changes; or chest pain — diabetes complications that need prompt medical attention.", "Do not stop or replace prescribed diabetes medication with supplements, and do not start these supplements in pregnancy or alongside diabetes drugs without a clinician." ] }, { "id": "ala-cts-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Alpha-lipoic Acid After Median Nerve Decompression at the Carpal Tunnel: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2017, "n": 64, "population": "patients undergoing open carpal tunnel (median nerve) decompression (32 ALA, 32 placebo)", "intervention": "alpha-lipoic acid for 40 days after surgery vs placebo", "outcome": "nerve conduction velocity, Boston Carpal Tunnel score, pillar pain", "effect": "ALA did not improve nerve conduction or the Boston score, but significantly reduced postoperative pillar pain.", "journal": "The Journal of Hand Surgery", "pmid": "28249792", "doi": "10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.01.011", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28249792/" }, { "id": "ala-cts-2018", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Clinical and Neurophysiologic Recovery of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2018, "n": 20, "population": "adults with carpal tunnel syndrome undergoing surgical decompression (very small)", "intervention": "ALA 600 mg/day for 1 month pre-op and 2 months post-op vs placebo", "outcome": "Boston Questionnaire, clinical signs, nerve conduction", "effect": "ALA around surgery improved clinical and neurophysiologic recovery versus placebo — but the trial enrolled only 20 people.", "journal": "Journal of Medicinal Food", "pmid": "29356576", "doi": "10.1089/jmf.2017.0056", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29356576/" }, { "id": "ala-neuropathy-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Alpha-lipoic acid for symptomatic peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2012, "n": 653, "population": "patients with diabetes and symptomatic peripheral neuropathy (4 RCTs)", "intervention": "alpha-lipoic acid, oral (>600 mg/day) or intravenous (600 mg/day for ~3 weeks)", "outcome": "Total Symptom Score (neuropathic pain, burning, numbness)", "effect": "Reduced neuropathic symptoms (pooled Total Symptom Score change −2.26); the effect was largest and most clinically relevant for short-term IV 600 mg/day, with oral dosing less certain.", "journal": "International Journal of Endocrinology", "pmid": "22331979", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22331979/" }, { "id": "alginate-leiman-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Alginate therapy is effective treatment for GERD symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2017, "n": 2095, "population": "adults with reflux symptoms", "intervention": "alginate", "outcome": "reflux symptom resolution", "effect": "More effective than placebo/antacid for symptom resolution (OR 4.4).", "journal": "Diseases of the Esophagus", "pmid": "28375448", "doi": "10.1093/dote/dow020", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28375448/" }, { "id": "aloe-burns-2024", "type": "study", "label": "Effects of Aloe vera on Burn Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2024, "n": null, "population": "burn patients, mostly second-degree (9 RCTs)", "intervention": "topical aloe vera vs other topical agents (e.g. silver sulfadiazine)", "outcome": "wound-healing time, infection risk, pain", "effect": "Topical aloe vera shortened mean burn-healing time by ~3.8 days versus comparators, with no significant difference in infection risk and an uncertain effect on pain.", "journal": "Journal of Burn Care & Research", "pmid": "38605441", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38605441/" }, { "id": "amd-antiox-cochrane-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2017, "n": null, "population": "people with established AMD (Cochrane review)", "intervention": "antioxidant vitamins plus zinc; lutein/zeaxanthin", "outcome": "progression to late AMD / vision loss", "effect": "The AREDS antioxidant-plus-zinc formula probably slows progression to late AMD (moderate certainty); standalone lutein/zeaxanthin shows low-certainty, possibly small effect.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "28756618", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28756618/" }, { "id": "andrographis-arti-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Andrographis paniculata for symptomatic relief of acute respiratory tract infections in adults and children: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2017, "n": 7175, "population": "adults and children with acute respiratory tract infections (33 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral Andrographis paniculata, alone or with usual care, vs placebo or usual care", "outcome": "cough and sore-throat symptoms, duration, adverse events", "effect": "Andrographis improved sore throat (SMD −1.13) and cough (SMD −0.39) versus placebo and shortened symptom duration; authors caution the primary trials were of poor quality.", "journal": "PLoS One", "pmid": "28783743", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0181780", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783743/" }, { "id": "andrographis-uri-2004", "type": "study", "label": "Andrographis paniculata in the symptomatic treatment of uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection: systematic review of randomized controlled trials", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2004, "n": 433, "population": "patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection (4 RCTs; 3 pooled)", "intervention": "oral Andrographis paniculata extract (alone or with Eleutherococcus) vs placebo", "outcome": "symptomatic relief of URTI", "effect": "Andrographis was more effective than placebo for symptom relief; the authors judged the evidence suggestive but limited and called for more rigorous trials.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics", "pmid": "14748896", "doi": "10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00534.x", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14748896/" }, { "id": "areds-report8-2001", "type": "study", "label": "A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8", "design": "rct", "year": 2001, "n": 3640, "population": "adults aged 55–80 with varying severity of AMD", "intervention": "antioxidant vitamins (C, E, beta-carotene) and/or zinc 80 mg + copper vs placebo", "outcome": "progression to advanced AMD and vision loss", "effect": "Antioxidants + zinc cut the odds of progressing to advanced AMD by ~25% (OR 0.72) in high-risk participants over ~6 years.", "journal": "Archives of Ophthalmology", "pmid": "11594942", "doi": "10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11594942/" }, { "id": "areds2-2013", "type": "study", "label": "Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2013, "n": 4203, "population": "adults aged 50–85 at high risk of progression to advanced AMD", "intervention": "lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg, and/or DHA+EPA, added to the AREDS formula vs placebo", "outcome": "development of advanced AMD", "effect": "Neither lutein/zeaxanthin nor omega-3 significantly reduced progression in the primary analysis; secondary analyses favoured lutein/zeaxanthin as a substitute for beta-carotene, while omega-3 showed no benefit.", "journal": "JAMA", "pmid": "23644932", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2013.4997", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/" }, { "id": "areds2-report28-2022", "type": "study", "label": "Long-term outcomes of adding lutein/zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids to the AREDS supplements on AMD progression: AREDS2 report 28", "design": "cohort", "year": 2022, "n": 3882, "population": "AREDS2 participants followed ~10 years", "intervention": "lutein/zeaxanthin vs beta-carotene, and omega-3 vs none, within the AREDS formula", "outcome": "progression to late AMD over 10 years", "effect": "Lutein/zeaxanthin lowered progression to late AMD versus beta-carotene (HR 0.85) without its lung-cancer risk; omega-3 had no effect (HR 1.01).", "journal": "JAMA Ophthalmology", "pmid": "35653117", "doi": "10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/" }, { "id": "ashwagandha-sleep-2019", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Root Extract in Insomnia and Anxiety: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study", "design": "rct", "year": 2019, "n": 60, "population": "adults with insomnia and anxiety", "intervention": "300 mg ashwagandha root extract twice daily for 10 weeks vs placebo", "outcome": "actigraphy sleep measures, PSQI, anxiety", "effect": "Ashwagandha shortened sleep onset latency and improved sleep efficiency, PSQI, and anxiety versus placebo.", "journal": "Cureus", "pmid": "31728244", "doi": "10.7759/cureus.5797", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31728244/" }, { "id": "ashwagandha-sleep-2021", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract on sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2021, "n": 400, "population": "adults, healthy and with diagnosed insomnia (5 RCTs)", "intervention": "ashwagandha extract (≥600 mg/day in stronger trials) vs placebo", "outcome": "overall sleep quality and sleep parameters", "effect": "Ashwagandha produced a small-to-moderate improvement in overall sleep (SMD ≈ −0.59), larger in people with diagnosed insomnia (SMD ≈ −0.84) at ≥600 mg/day for ≥8 weeks.", "journal": "PLoS One", "pmid": "34559859", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0257843", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34559859/" }, { "id": "ashwagandha-chandrasekhar-2012", "type": "study", "label": "A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Ashwagandha Root in Reducing Stress and Anxiety", "design": "rct", "year": 2012, "n": 64, "population": "stressed adults", "intervention": "ashwagandha (KSM-66) 300 mg twice daily", "outcome": "stress, cortisol", "effect": "Reduced stress scores and serum cortisol (~28%) vs placebo.", "journal": "Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine", "pmid": "23439798", "doi": "10.4103/0253-7176.106022", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3573577/" }, { "id": "b6-cts-cochrane-2003", "type": "study", "label": "Non-surgical treatment (other than steroid injection) for carpal tunnel syndrome", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2003, "n": 50, "population": "adults with carpal tunnel syndrome (B6 subset: two trials, 50 people)", "intervention": "oral vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) vs placebo, among other non-surgical treatments", "outcome": "overall symptom improvement", "effect": "Across the two pooled B6 trials, vitamin B6 did not significantly improve overall carpal tunnel symptoms; splinting and some other measures fared better.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "12535461", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD003219", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12535461/" }, { "id": "b6-cts-spooner-1993", "type": "study", "label": "Using pyridoxine to treat carpal tunnel syndrome: randomized control trial", "design": "rct", "year": 1993, "n": 32, "population": "patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome", "intervention": "pyridoxine 200 mg/day for 12 weeks vs placebo", "outcome": "symptoms, clinical signs, nerve conduction", "effect": "No difference from placebo in symptoms, clinical signs, or electrophysiology — the findings did not support pyridoxine for carpal tunnel syndrome.", "journal": "Canadian Family Physician", "pmid": "8219859", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8219859/" }, { "id": "b6-nvp-1991", "type": "study", "label": "Vitamin B6 is effective therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study", "design": "rct", "year": 1991, "n": 59, "population": "pregnant women with nausea and vomiting (31 B6, 28 placebo)", "intervention": "pyridoxine 25 mg orally every 8 hours for 72 hours vs placebo", "outcome": "nausea severity and vomiting episodes", "effect": "In the severe-nausea subgroup, B6 reduced nausea more than placebo and lowered the proportion still vomiting; little benefit in mild-to-moderate cases.", "journal": "Obstetrics & Gynecology", "pmid": "2047064", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2047064/" }, { "id": "bacopa-cognition-2012", "type": "study", "label": "The cognitive-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: a systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2012, "n": null, "population": "healthy and mixed adult populations (6 RCTs, 12-week trials)", "intervention": "standardized Bacopa monnieri extract, 300–450 mg/day", "outcome": "memory free recall and other cognitive domains", "effect": "Bacopa improved performance on 9 of 17 tests of memory free recall, with little consistent evidence of benefit in other cognitive domains.", "journal": "Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine", "pmid": "22747190", "doi": "10.1089/acm.2011.0367", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22747190/" }, { "id": "b6-nvp-2023", "type": "study", "label": "The effects of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation in nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2023, "n": null, "population": "pregnant women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (18 studies)", "intervention": "pyridoxine alone or combined with an active ingredient vs comparator", "outcome": "nausea/vomiting severity (Rhodes and PUQE scores)", "effect": "Pyridoxine significantly improved pregnancy nausea on both the Rhodes and PUQE scores; effect on vomiting frequency was weaker and less consistent.", "journal": "Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics", "pmid": "36719452", "doi": "10.1007/s00404-023-06925-w", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36719452/" }, { "id": "bacopa-cognition-2014", "type": "study", "label": "Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on cognitive effects of Bacopa monnieri extract", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2014, "n": 437, "population": "adults across 9 RCTs (healthy and some impaired)", "intervention": "standardized Bacopa monnieri extract (~300 mg/day) for ~12 weeks", "outcome": "cognitive test performance (attention/processing speed, memory)", "effect": "Improved processing speed (choice reaction time ~10.6 ms faster, Trail-B ~17.9 ms faster); benefit was concentrated in speed of attention, with calls for larger trials.", "journal": "Journal of Ethnopharmacology", "pmid": "24252493", "doi": "10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.008", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24252493/" }, { "id": "beetroot-bahadoran-2017", "type": "study", "label": "The Nitrate-Independent Blood Pressure-Lowering Effect of Beetroot Juice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2017, "n": null, "population": "adults", "intervention": "beetroot juice", "outcome": "blood pressure", "effect": "Lowered systolic BP ~4.4 mmHg; benefit greater with longer use.", "journal": "Advances in Nutrition", "pmid": "29141968", "doi": "10.3945/an.117.016717", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29141968/" }, { "id": "berberine-ju-2018", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy and safety of berberine for dyslipidaemias: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2018, "n": 2147, "population": "adults with dyslipidemia", "intervention": "berberine", "outcome": "lipids", "effect": "Lowered LDL ~0.38 mmol/L and total cholesterol; trials small and mostly single-region.", "journal": "Phytomedicine", "pmid": "30466986", "doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.212", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30466986/" }, { "id": "berberine-t2dm-2019", "type": "study", "label": "Effects of berberine on blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2019, "n": 2313, "population": "adults with type 2 diabetes (28 RCTs)", "intervention": "berberine vs control, often added to hypoglycemic agents", "outcome": "fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, HbA1c", "effect": "Lowered fasting glucose by ~0.54 mmol/L and HbA1c by ~0.54; the effect attenuated beyond 90 days, above 2 g/day, and in people over 60.", "journal": "Endocrine Journal", "pmid": "30393248", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30393248/" }, { "id": "betasitosterol-bph-2000", "type": "study", "label": "Beta-sitosterols for benign prostatic hyperplasia", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2000, "n": 519, "population": "men with BPH (4 placebo-controlled RCTs)", "intervention": "beta-sitosterol preparations vs placebo", "outcome": "urinary symptom score (IPSS), peak urine flow, residual volume", "effect": "Improved symptoms (IPSS −4.9) and peak urine flow (+3.9 mL/s) versus placebo, but trials were few, short, and did not assess long-term effects.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "10796740", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD001043", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10796740/" }, { "id": "berberine-t2dm-2022", "type": "study", "label": "Glucose-lowering effect of berberine on type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2022, "n": 3048, "population": "adults with type 2 diabetes (37 studies)", "intervention": "berberine, alone or added to oral hypoglycemic agents", "outcome": "fasting glucose, HbA1c, 2-hour postprandial glucose", "effect": "Lowered fasting glucose by ~0.82 mmol/L, HbA1c by ~0.63 percentage points, and 2-hour postprandial glucose by ~1.16 mmol/L, without a significant rise in adverse events or hypoglycemia.", "journal": "Frontiers in Pharmacology", "pmid": "36467075", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36467075/" }, { "id": "blackcohosh-menopause-cochrane-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Black cohosh (Cimicifuga spp.) for menopausal symptoms", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2012, "n": 2027, "population": "peri- and postmenopausal women (16 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral black cohosh extracts vs placebo or active comparators", "outcome": "hot flush frequency and menopausal symptom scores", "effect": "Found no significant difference from placebo in hot flush frequency or symptom scores, and concluded there was insufficient evidence to support its use.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "22972105", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD007244.pub2", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972105/" }, { "id": "boswellia-yu-2020", "type": "study", "label": "Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2020, "n": 545, "population": "adults with osteoarthritis", "intervention": "Boswellia serrata extract", "outcome": "pain, stiffness, function (VAS, WOMAC)", "effect": "Boswellia significantly reduced pain and improved WOMAC stiffness and function; benefit at 100–250 mg for at least 4 weeks.", "journal": "BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies", "pmid": "32680575", "doi": "10.1186/s12906-020-02985-6", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7368679/" }, { "id": "butterbur-lipton-2004", "type": "study", "label": "Petasites hybridus root (butterbur) is an effective preventive treatment for migraine", "design": "rct", "year": 2004, "n": 245, "population": "adults with migraine", "intervention": "PA-free butterbur extract", "outcome": "attack frequency", "effect": "75 mg twice daily cut migraine frequency 48% vs 26% placebo.", "journal": "Neurology", "pmid": "15623680", "doi": "10.1212/01.WNL.0000147290.68260.11", "url": "https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/01.WNL.0000147290.68260.11" }, { "id": "butterbur-rhinitis-2002", "type": "study", "label": "Randomised controlled trial of butterbur and cetirizine for treating seasonal allergic rhinitis", "design": "rct", "year": 2002, "n": 125, "population": "adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis (butterbur 61, cetirizine 64)", "intervention": "butterbur CO2 extract Ze 339, one tablet four times daily for 2 weeks", "outcome": "health-related quality of life (SF-36) and global clinical improvement", "effect": "Butterbur was therapeutically equivalent to the antihistamine cetirizine over 2 weeks, with less sedation.", "journal": "BMJ", "pmid": "11799030", "doi": "10.1136/bmj.324.7330.144", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11799030/" }, { "id": "butterbur-rhinitis-2005", "type": "study", "label": "Treating intermittent allergic rhinitis: a prospective, randomized, placebo and antihistamine-controlled study of Butterbur extract Ze 339", "design": "rct", "year": 2005, "n": 330, "population": "patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis (Petasites Study Group)", "intervention": "butterbur Ze 339 three times daily vs fexofenadine vs placebo for 1 week", "outcome": "change in rhinitis symptom scores", "effect": "Both butterbur and fexofenadine were significantly better than placebo, with no significant difference between the herb and the antihistamine.", "journal": "Phytotherapy Research", "pmid": "16114089", "doi": "10.1002/ptr.1705", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16114089/" }, { "id": "calcium-bmd-2015", "type": "study", "label": "Calcium intake and bone mineral density: systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2015, "n": null, "population": "adults over 50 (59 RCTs)", "intervention": "increased dietary calcium or calcium supplements", "outcome": "bone mineral density at spine, hip, femoral neck, total body, forearm", "effect": "Calcium raised bone density by only ~1–2%, and the gain did not increase beyond the first year — too small on its own to meaningfully reduce fractures.", "journal": "BMJ", "pmid": "26420598", "doi": "10.1136/bmj.h4183", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26420598/" }, { "id": "calcium-d-fracture-2016", "type": "study", "label": "Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2016, "n": 30970, "population": "middle-aged-to-older adults, community-dwelling and institutionalized (8 RCTs)", "intervention": "calcium plus vitamin D supplementation vs placebo", "outcome": "incident hip and total fractures", "effect": "Combined calcium + vitamin D cut hip fractures by ~30% (RR 0.70) and total fractures by ~15% (RR 0.85); the benefit is concentrated in older and institutionalized people.", "journal": "Osteoporosis International", "pmid": "26510847", "doi": "10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26510847/" }, { "id": "calcium-fracture-jama-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2017, "n": 51145, "population": "community-dwelling adults older than 50 (33 RCTs)", "intervention": "calcium, vitamin D, or combined supplements vs placebo / no treatment", "outcome": "incident hip and total fractures", "effect": "In community-dwelling older adults, calcium + vitamin D was NOT associated with lower hip fracture risk (RR 1.09) or total fractures — the benefit seen in care-home populations did not carry over.", "journal": "JAMA", "pmid": "29279934", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2017.19344", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29279934/" }, { "id": "capsaicin-tshering-2024", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy and safety of topical capsaicin in the treatment of osteoarthritis pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2024, "n": 498, "population": "adults with osteoarthritis", "intervention": "topical capsaicin", "outcome": "pain (VAS)", "effect": "Significant pain reduction vs placebo (SMD −0.84), with more application-site burning.", "journal": "Phytotherapy Research", "pmid": "38761115", "doi": "10.1002/ptr.8223", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38761115/" }, { "id": "chamomile-amsterdam-2009", "type": "study", "label": "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral chamomile extract for generalized anxiety disorder", "design": "rct", "year": 2009, "n": 57, "population": "adults with GAD", "intervention": "chamomile extract", "outcome": "anxiety", "effect": "Greater reduction in anxiety vs placebo over 8 weeks.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology", "pmid": "19593179", "doi": "10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ac935c", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19593179/" }, { "id": "cherry-zhang-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Cherry consumption and the risk of recurrent gout attacks", "design": "case-control", "year": 2012, "n": 633, "population": "people with gout", "intervention": "cherry / cherry extract intake", "outcome": "recurrent gout flares", "effect": "Cherry intake associated with 35% lower odds of a flare (OR 0.65); OR 0.25 combined with allopurinol — observational, not causal.", "journal": "Arthritis & Rheumatism", "pmid": "23023818", "doi": "10.1002/art.34677", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3510330/" }, { "id": "chondroitin-singh-2015", "type": "study", "label": "Chondroitin for osteoarthritis", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2015, "n": 9110, "population": "adults with osteoarthritis", "intervention": "chondroitin (alone or with glucosamine)", "outcome": "pain, Lequesne index", "effect": "About an 8/100-point greater short-term pain improvement vs placebo; effect on joint structure minimal and most trials low quality.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD005614.pub2", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD005614_chondroitin-osteoarthritis" }, { "id": "chromium-t2dm-2020", "type": "study", "label": "Effects of chromium supplementation on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2020, "n": null, "population": "patients with type 2 diabetes (28 RCTs)", "intervention": "chromium supplementation (including chromium picolinate) vs control", "outcome": "fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR", "effect": "Lowered fasting glucose by ~19 mg/dL and HbA1c by ~0.71 percentage points, with the clearest effect for chromium picolinate; other meta-analyses find no benefit, so results are inconsistent.", "journal": "Pharmacological Research", "pmid": "32730903", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32730903/" }, { "id": "chasteberry-pms-2017", "type": "study", "label": "The treatment of premenstrual syndrome with preparations of Vitex agnus castus: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2017, "n": null, "population": "women with PMS (14 RCTs pooled)", "intervention": "standardized Vitex agnus-castus (chasteberry) extracts vs placebo or comparators", "outcome": "PMS symptom score", "effect": "A large pooled benefit over placebo (Hedges g ≈ −1.21), but the authors cautioned this is likely overstated by high risk of bias and publication bias.", "journal": "American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology", "pmid": "28237870", "doi": "10.1016/j.ajog.2017.02.028", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28237870/" }, { "id": "cinnamon-cochrane-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2012, "n": 577, "population": "patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (10 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral cinnamon, mostly Cinnamomum cassia, ~2 g/day for 4–16 weeks", "outcome": "HbA1c, fasting glucose, insulin, postprandial glucose", "effect": "No significant effect on HbA1c and an inconclusive effect on fasting glucose. The Cochrane authors concluded there is insufficient evidence to support cinnamon for diabetes.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "22972104", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD007170.pub2", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972104/" }, { "id": "cinnamon-t2dm-2019", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy and safety of cinnamon in type 2 diabetes mellitus and pre-diabetes patients: A meta-analysis and meta-regression", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2019, "n": null, "population": "type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes patients (16 RCTs)", "intervention": "cinnamon supplementation vs placebo", "outcome": "fasting glucose, HbA1c, HOMA-IR", "effect": "A small fasting-glucose drop (~0.55 mmol/L) and improved HOMA-IR, but NO significant change in HbA1c, with high heterogeneity between trials.", "journal": "Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice", "pmid": "31425768", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425768/" }, { "id": "collagen-lin-2023", "type": "study", "label": "Analgesic efficacy of collagen peptide in knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2023, "n": 507, "population": "adults with knee OA", "intervention": "collagen peptide", "outcome": "pain", "effect": "Significant pain relief (SMD −0.58) with no excess adverse events.", "journal": "Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research", "pmid": "37717022", "doi": "10.1186/s13018-023-04182-w", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10505327/" }, { "id": "colchicine-terkeltaub-2010", "type": "study", "label": "High versus low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare (AGREE trial)", "design": "rct", "year": 2010, "n": 184, "population": "adults with an acute gout flare", "intervention": "low-dose vs high-dose colchicine", "outcome": "pain at 24 h", "effect": "Low-dose colchicine matched high-dose efficacy with an adverse-event rate like placebo.", "journal": "Arthritis & Rheumatism", "pmid": "20131255", "doi": "10.1002/art.27327", "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.27327" }, { "id": "collagen-simental-2025", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of collagen supplementation on knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2025, "n": 870, "population": "adults with knee OA", "intervention": "oral collagen peptides", "outcome": "pain, function", "effect": "Collagen reduced knee OA pain (MD −13.63) and improved function vs placebo.", "journal": "Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology", "pmid": "39212129", "doi": "10.55563/clinexprheumatol/kflfr5", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39212129/" }, { "id": "coldsores-cochrane-2015", "type": "study", "label": "Interventions for prevention of herpes simplex labialis (cold sores on the lips)", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2015, "n": 2640, "population": "immunocompetent people with recurrent cold sores (32 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral lysine and other preventive interventions vs placebo", "outcome": "prevention of cold-sore recurrence", "effect": "Found no evidence of efficacy for lysine in preventing recurrent cold sores, and rated the overall evidence as very low quality.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "26252373", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD010095.pub2", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26252373/" }, { "id": "collagen-tendon-2022", "type": "study", "label": "Effects of specific collagen peptide supplementation combined with resistance training on Achilles tendon properties", "design": "rct", "year": 2022, "n": 40, "population": "healthy young men, no diagnosed tendinopathy", "intervention": "5 g/day specific collagen peptides vs placebo, with 14 weeks of resistance training", "outcome": "Achilles tendon cross-sectional area, stiffness, strength", "effect": "Collagen peptides plus loading increased Achilles tendon cross-sectional area more than placebo (+11.0% vs +4.7%); this measures tendon structure, not clinical tendinopathy pain.", "journal": "Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports", "pmid": "35403756", "doi": "10.1111/sms.14164", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35403756/" }, { "id": "comfrey-staiger-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Comfrey: A Clinical Overview", "design": "review", "year": 2012, "n": null, "population": "patients with back pain, knee OA, sprains", "intervention": "topical comfrey root extract", "outcome": "pain, mobility", "effect": "Randomized trials of topical comfrey reduced pain and improved mobility in back pain, knee OA and ankle sprains, comparably to topical diclofenac.", "journal": "Phytotherapy Research", "pmid": "22359388", "doi": "10.1002/ptr.4612", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3491633/" }, { "id": "coq10-bp-ho-2016", "type": "study", "label": "Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2016, "n": 50, "population": "adults with primary hypertension", "intervention": "coenzyme Q10", "outcome": "blood pressure", "effect": "No clinically significant effect on blood pressure (moderate-quality evidence).", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "26935713", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD007435.pub3", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD007435_coenzyme-q10-high-blood-pressure" }, { "id": "coq10-fibro-2013", "type": "study", "label": "Can coenzyme Q10 improve clinical and molecular parameters in fibromyalgia?", "design": "rct", "year": 2013, "n": 20, "population": "patients with fibromyalgia", "intervention": "CoQ10 300 mg/day for 40 days vs placebo", "outcome": "pain, tender points, fatigue, oxidative-stress markers", "effect": "Reduced pain, fatigue, and tender points versus placebo in a very small trial; promising but not independently replicated.", "journal": "Antioxidants & Redox Signaling", "pmid": "23458405", "doi": "10.1089/ars.2013.5260", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23458405/" }, { "id": "coq10-sandor-2005", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2005, "n": 42, "population": "adults with migraine", "intervention": "coenzyme Q10 300 mg/day", "outcome": "attack frequency", "effect": "47.6% were ≥50% responders for attack frequency vs 14.4% placebo.", "journal": "Neurology", "pmid": "15728298", "doi": "10.1212/01.WNL.0000151975.03598.ED", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15728298/" }, { "id": "cranberry-cochrane-2023", "type": "study", "label": "Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2023, "n": 8857, "population": "pooled across 50 RCTs; recurrent-UTI subgroup is women with a history of recurrent UTIs", "intervention": "cranberry products (juice, capsules, or tablets)", "outcome": "incidence of symptomatic, culture-verified urinary tract infection", "effect": "Cranberry products reduced UTI risk overall (RR 0.70) and in women with recurrent UTIs (RR 0.74) — a modest, moderate-certainty benefit; this updated review is more favourable than the 2012 edition.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "37947276", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub7", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37947276/" }, { "id": "curcumin-hand-2025", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy of curcumin in hand osteoarthritis: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2025, "n": null, "population": "adults with hand OA", "intervention": "curcumin 170 mg/day for 3 months", "outcome": "pain, function", "effect": "A small pilot found improved hand OA pain and function vs placebo; a larger trial is needed.", "journal": "BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1186/s12906-025-05096-2", "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12906-025-05096-2" }, { "id": "creatine-sarcopenia-2014", "type": "study", "label": "Creatine supplementation during resistance training in older adults — a meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2014, "n": 357, "population": "older adults (mean age ~63), ~12.6 weeks resistance training (12 RCTs)", "intervention": "creatine monohydrate during resistance training vs placebo + same training", "outcome": "lean mass, upper/lower-body strength, functional performance", "effect": "Creatine added to resistance training produced greater gains in lean mass (~1.3 kg more), chest-press and leg-press strength, and chair-stand performance than training alone — benefit is contingent on training.", "journal": "Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise", "pmid": "24576864", "doi": "10.1249/MSS.0000000000000220", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24576864/" }, { "id": "curcumin-zeng-2022", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy and Safety of Curcumin and Curcuma longa Extract in the Treatment of Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2022, "n": 2396, "population": "adults with arthritis (mostly knee OA)", "intervention": "curcumin / turmeric extract", "outcome": "pain, stiffness, function", "effect": "Curcumin reduced OA pain and stiffness and improved function vs placebo, comparable to NSAIDs with fewer adverse events.", "journal": "Frontiers in Immunology", "pmid": "35935936", "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2022.891822", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9353077/" }, { "id": "dmannose-merit-2024", "type": "study", "label": "d-Mannose for Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Among Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2024, "n": 598, "population": "women aged 18+ with recurrent UTI, 99 UK primary-care centres (MERIT)", "intervention": "2 g D-mannose powder once daily for 6 months vs placebo", "outcome": "proportion with a further medically attended UTI within 6 months", "effect": "No significant benefit: 51.0% (D-mannose) vs 55.7% (placebo) had a further UTI (adjusted RR 0.92, P=.22); authors concluded D-mannose should not be recommended for prevention.", "journal": "JAMA Internal Medicine", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.0264", "url": "https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2817488" }, { "id": "dha-eczema-2008", "type": "study", "label": "Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in atopic eczema: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2008, "n": 53, "population": "adults aged 18–40 with atopic eczema (21 DHA vs 23 control analyzed)", "intervention": "oral DHA 5.4 g/day vs an isoenergetic saturated-fat control for 8 weeks", "outcome": "SCORAD severity index", "effect": "A small pilot trial: DHA reduced SCORAD severity (37.0→28.5) more than control; promising but underpowered and not yet confirmed in larger trials.", "journal": "British Journal of Dermatology", "pmid": "18241260", "doi": "10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08430.x", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18241260/" }, { "id": "echinacea-karsch-2014", "type": "study", "label": "Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2014, "n": 4631, "population": "adults and children", "intervention": "echinacea", "outcome": "cold prevention/treatment", "effect": "No significant prevention benefit; treatment effect weak and uncertain.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "24554461", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24554461/" }, { "id": "elderberry-meta-2019", "type": "study", "label": "Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) supplementation effectively treats upper respiratory symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2019, "n": 180, "population": "people with cold or influenza (4 RCTs, 180 participants)", "intervention": "black elderberry extract vs placebo", "outcome": "upper respiratory symptom burden/duration", "effect": "Elderberry substantially reduced upper respiratory symptoms in pooled small trials — but the evidence base is small and partly industry-linked, and a later influenza RCT found no benefit.", "journal": "Complementary Therapies in Medicine", "pmid": "30670267", "doi": "10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.004", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670267/" }, { "id": "fenugreek-t2dm-2023", "type": "study", "label": "The Effect of Fenugreek in Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2023, "n": 706, "population": "adults with type 2 diabetes (9 RCTs) and prediabetes (1 RCT)", "intervention": "fenugreek seed powder (~5–10 g/day) or extract vs control, 8–16 weeks", "outcome": "fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, HbA1c, lipids", "effect": "Lowered fasting glucose by ~26.7 mg/dL and HbA1c by ~0.54 percentage points; only mild GI side effects reported.", "journal": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences", "pmid": "37762302", "doi": "10.3390/ijms241813999", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37762302/" }, { "id": "elderberry-travel-2016", "type": "study", "label": "Elderberry Supplementation Reduces Cold Duration and Symptoms in Air-Travellers: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2016, "n": 312, "population": "economy-class long-haul air travellers", "intervention": "standardized elderberry extract vs placebo", "outcome": "cold duration, symptom severity, incidence", "effect": "Among travellers who caught a cold, elderberry roughly halved total symptom duration (57 vs 117 cumulative days) and lowered symptom scores; cold incidence was not significantly different.", "journal": "Nutrients", "pmid": "27023596", "doi": "10.3390/nu8040182", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27023596/" }, { "id": "fenugreek-t2dm-2024", "type": "study", "label": "Therapeutic effect of fenugreek supplementation on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2024, "n": 1612, "population": "adults aged 18–70 with type 2 diabetes (807 intervention, 805 control)", "intervention": "fenugreek seed powder, extract, or sprouted seeds vs control, 4–24 weeks", "outcome": "fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipids", "effect": "Lowered fasting glucose by ~20.3 mg/dL and HbA1c by ~0.54 percentage points; GI distress was the common adverse effect, with allergy in some people.", "journal": "Heliyon", "pmid": "39286181", "doi": "10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36649", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39286181/" }, { "id": "garlic-cold-cochrane-2014", "type": "study", "label": "Garlic for the common cold", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2014, "n": 146, "population": "adults (only one eligible RCT, 146 participants)", "intervention": "garlic supplement (180 mg allicin/day) for 12 weeks vs placebo", "outcome": "number of colds, illness days, recovery time", "effect": "The single eligible trial reported far fewer colds with garlic (24 vs 65) — but Cochrane judged the evidence insufficient, resting on one self-reported, high-risk-of-bias study.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "25386977", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25386977/" }, { "id": "feverfew-wider-2015", "type": "study", "label": "Feverfew for preventing migraine", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2015, "n": 561, "population": "adults with migraine", "intervention": "feverfew", "outcome": "attack frequency", "effect": "One large trial showed ~0.6 fewer attacks/month vs placebo; overall evidence low-quality and mixed.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "25892430", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3", "url": "https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002286.pub3/full" }, { "id": "garlic-xiong-2015", "type": "study", "label": "Garlic for hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2015, "n": null, "population": "adults with hypertension", "intervention": "garlic", "outcome": "blood pressure", "effect": "Lowered systolic BP by ~6.7 mmHg and diastolic by ~4.8 mmHg vs placebo.", "journal": "Phytomedicine", "pmid": "25837272", "doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2014.12.013", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25837272/" }, { "id": "gelatin-collagen-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis", "design": "rct", "year": 2017, "n": 8, "population": "healthy male volunteers (mechanistic crossover)", "intervention": "5 g or 15 g vitamin-C-enriched gelatin taken ~1 hour before exercise", "outcome": "blood marker of collagen synthesis (PINP)", "effect": "15 g of vitamin-C-enriched gelatin before exercise roughly doubled a blood marker of collagen synthesis — a mechanistic signal in a very small study, not a clinical outcome.", "journal": "The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition", "pmid": "27852613", "doi": "10.3945/ajcn.116.138594", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27852613/" }, { "id": "ginger-bartels-2015", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy and safety of ginger in osteoarthritis patients: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2015, "n": 593, "population": "adults with osteoarthritis", "intervention": "ginger extract", "outcome": "pain, disability", "effect": "Modestly reduced pain (SMD −0.30) and disability vs placebo, with more GI-related discontinuation.", "journal": "Osteoarthritis and Cartilage", "pmid": "25300574", "doi": "10.1016/j.joca.2014.09.024", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25300574/" }, { "id": "ginger-dysmenorrhea-2021", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy of ginger in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2021, "n": null, "population": "women with primary dysmenorrhea (period pain)", "intervention": "oral ginger powder (~750–1,000 mg/day) vs placebo or NSAIDs", "outcome": "menstrual pain severity", "effect": "Ginger reduced period-pain severity more than placebo and performed comparably to NSAIDs, though heterogeneity was high and trials small.", "journal": "Cureus", "pmid": "33842121", "doi": "10.7759/cureus.13743", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33842121/" }, { "id": "ginger-nvp-2014", "type": "study", "label": "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2014, "n": 1278, "population": "pregnant women with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (12 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral ginger vs placebo or active comparator", "outcome": "nausea severity and number of vomiting episodes; safety", "effect": "Ginger significantly improved nausea versus placebo (~1.2 points on a 10-point scale) but did not significantly reduce vomiting episodes; no increase in miscarriage or adverse events.", "journal": "Nutrition Journal", "pmid": "24642205", "doi": "10.1186/1475-2891-13-20", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24642205/" }, { "id": "ginger-cinv-2019", "type": "study", "label": "Does the Oral Administration of Ginger Reduce Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting?: A Meta-analysis of 10 Randomized Controlled Trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2019, "n": null, "population": "cancer patients receiving chemotherapy (10 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral ginger as an adjunct to standard antiemetics vs control", "outcome": "acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting", "effect": "Ginger reduced only ACUTE chemotherapy nausea/vomiting (overall OR 0.71; acute vomiting OR 0.58) with no significant effect on delayed symptoms — a mixed result.", "journal": "Cancer Nursing", "pmid": "30299420", "doi": "10.1097/NCC.0000000000000648", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30299420/" }, { "id": "ginger-ponv-2006", "type": "study", "label": "The efficacy of ginger for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2006, "n": 363, "population": "surgical patients (5 RCTs)", "intervention": "a fixed dose of at least 1 g ginger before surgery vs placebo", "outcome": "postoperative nausea and vomiting", "effect": "At least 1 g of ginger reduced postoperative nausea/vomiting (RR 0.69) and vomiting (RR 0.61) versus placebo.", "journal": "American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology", "pmid": "16389016", "doi": "10.1016/j.ajog.2005.06.046", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16389016/" }, { "id": "ginger-ponv-2022", "type": "study", "label": "The preventive and relieving effects of ginger on postoperative nausea and vomiting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2022, "n": 1506, "population": "surgical patients (14 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral ginger vs placebo, perioperatively", "outcome": "postoperative nausea scores, vomiting incidence, antiemetic use", "effect": "Ginger significantly lowered postoperative nausea at 2, 6, and 12 hours, but showed no significant effect on vomiting incidence or antiemetic use.", "journal": "International Journal of Nursing Studies", "pmid": "34700257", "doi": "10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104094", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34700257/" }, { "id": "ginkgo-gem-2008", "type": "study", "label": "Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial (Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory study)", "design": "rct", "year": 2008, "n": 3069, "population": "community-dwelling adults aged 72–96, normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment; median 6.1-year follow-up", "intervention": "Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) 120 mg twice daily vs placebo", "outcome": "incident all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease", "effect": "Ginkgo did NOT reduce dementia (HR 1.12) or Alzheimer disease (HR 1.16) — if anything slightly the wrong direction; no benefit for prevention.", "journal": "JAMA", "pmid": "19017911", "doi": "10.1001/jama.2008.683", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19017911/" }, { "id": "ginkgo-cochrane-2009", "type": "study", "label": "Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2009, "n": 2016, "population": "people with cognitive impairment or dementia (36 trials; 9 longer trials ~2,016 patients)", "intervention": "Ginkgo biloba extract at any dose vs placebo", "outcome": "cognition, activities of daily living, mood, caregiver burden", "effect": "Cochrane concluded the evidence that ginkgo has predictable, clinically significant benefit for dementia/cognitive impairment is 'inconsistent and unreliable'; the most recent trials were largely null.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "19160216", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD003120.pub3", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19160216/" }, { "id": "ginseng-cognition-cochrane-2010", "type": "study", "label": "Ginseng for cognition", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2010, "n": null, "population": "healthy adults and adults with age-associated memory impairment (9 trials)", "intervention": "Panax ginseng extract vs placebo", "outcome": "cognitive function, behaviour, quality of life", "effect": "Found no convincing evidence of a cognitive-enhancing effect; data could not be pooled due to heterogeneity, and there was no high-quality evidence in dementia.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "21154383", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD007769.pub2", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21154383/" }, { "id": "glucosamine-hip-rozendaal-2008", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of glucosamine sulfate on hip osteoarthritis: a randomized trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2008, "n": 222, "population": "adults with hip OA", "intervention": "glucosamine sulfate 1500 mg/day for 2 years", "outcome": "pain, function, joint-space narrowing", "effect": "No benefit over placebo on hip OA pain, function, or joint-space narrowing at 24 months.", "journal": "Annals of Internal Medicine", "pmid": "18283204", "doi": "10.7326/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00005", "url": "https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00005" }, { "id": "glucosamine-towheed-2005", "type": "study", "label": "Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2005, "n": 4963, "population": "adults with osteoarthritis", "intervention": "glucosamine (various preparations)", "outcome": "pain, function", "effect": "The patented crystalline (Rotta) glucosamine sulfate beat placebo for pain and function; other preparations did not.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD002946.pub2", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD002946_glucosamine-osteoarthritis" }, { "id": "ginseng-cognition-2024", "type": "study", "label": "Effects of Ginseng on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2024, "n": 671, "population": "mixed adults (healthy, cognitive impairment, others) across 15 RCTs", "intervention": "ginseng preparations vs control", "outcome": "memory, overall cognition, attention, executive function", "effect": "Found only a small memory-specific benefit (SMD 0.19) and no effect on overall cognition, attention, or executive function.", "journal": "Phytotherapy Research", "pmid": "39474788", "doi": "10.1002/ptr.8359", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39474788/" }, { "id": "glycine-sleep-2007", "type": "study", "label": "Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating with polysomnographic changes", "design": "rct", "year": 2007, "n": null, "population": "adult volunteers with continuously unsatisfactory sleep (small crossover)", "intervention": "glycine 3 g before bedtime vs placebo", "outcome": "subjective sleep quality and polysomnography", "effect": "Glycine improved subjective sleep quality and shortened polysomnographic latency to sleep onset and to slow-wave sleep, without changing overall sleep architecture; a small early study.", "journal": "Sleep and Biological Rhythms", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00262.x", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00262.x" }, { "id": "gotukola-cvi-2001", "type": "study", "label": "Total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica in the treatment of venous hypertension: a randomized trial using a combined microcirculatory model", "design": "rct", "year": 2001, "n": 99, "population": "patients with venous hypertensive microangiopathy", "intervention": "Centella asiatica triterpenic fraction 60 or 120 mg/day vs placebo, 8 weeks", "outcome": "laser Doppler flowmetry, transcutaneous gas measures, symptom scores", "effect": "Both doses significantly improved microcirculation and symptom scores versus placebo (no change in placebo), with the larger effect at 120 mg/day.", "journal": "Angiology", "pmid": "11666126", "doi": "10.1177/000331970105202s12", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11666126/" }, { "id": "gotukola-cvi-2013", "type": "study", "label": "A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Centella asiatica for Improvement of the Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Venous Insufficiency", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2013, "n": 520, "population": "adults with chronic venous insufficiency (8 RCTs)", "intervention": "standardized Centella asiatica triterpene extract, various doses", "outcome": "microcirculatory measures and CVI symptoms", "effect": "Improved objective microcirculatory measures and symptoms such as leg heaviness, pain, and edema; the authors urged caution given inadequate reporting and unclear bias.", "journal": "Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine", "pmid": "23533507", "doi": "10.1155/2013/627182", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23533507/" }, { "id": "greentea-lipids-2011", "type": "study", "label": "Green tea catechins decrease total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2011, "n": 1415, "population": "adults across 20 RCTs (normal-weight and overweight/obese)", "intervention": "green tea catechins 145–3,000 mg/day for 3–24 weeks", "outcome": "total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides", "effect": "Lowered total cholesterol by ~5.5 mg/dL and LDL by ~5.3 mg/dL versus control, with no significant change in HDL or triglycerides.", "journal": "Journal of the American Dietetic Association", "pmid": "22027055", "doi": "10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.015", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027055/" }, { "id": "greentea-lipids-2020", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of green tea consumption on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2020, "n": 3321, "population": "adults across 31 RCTs (normal-weight and overweight/obese)", "intervention": "green tea / catechin intake 80–2,489 mg/day for 3 weeks to 12 months", "outcome": "total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides", "effect": "Lowered total cholesterol by ~4.7 mg/dL and LDL by ~4.6 mg/dL versus control, with no significant effect on HDL or triglycerides.", "journal": "Nutrition Journal", "pmid": "32434539", "doi": "10.1186/s12937-020-00557-5", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32434539/" }, { "id": "herbal-lbp-oltean-2014", "type": "study", "label": "Herbal medicine for low-back pain", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2014, "n": 2050, "population": "adults with low back pain", "intervention": "devil's claw, willow bark, cayenne, comfrey, others", "outcome": "pain, function", "effect": "Devil's claw and willow bark gave short-term low-back-pain relief vs placebo; willow bark had moderate-quality evidence, with 240 mg salicin comparable to rofecoxib.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD004504_herbal-medicine-low-back-pain" }, { "id": "hibiscus-najafpour-2020", "type": "study", "label": "The efficacy of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2020, "n": 362, "population": "adults", "intervention": "hibiscus tea", "outcome": "blood pressure", "effect": "Lowered systolic BP ~4.7 mmHg and diastolic ~4.1 mmHg vs control.", "journal": "Phytotherapy Research", "pmid": "31943427", "doi": "10.1002/ptr.6541", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31943427/" }, { "id": "hmb-muscle-2021", "type": "study", "label": "Effects of oral administration of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate on lean body mass in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2021, "n": 448, "population": "older adults (9 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral HMB, with or without exercise, vs control", "outcome": "lean / fat-free body mass", "effect": "HMB alone modestly increased fat-free mass (effect size ~0.59), but added no measurable benefit on top of an exercise program.", "journal": "European Geriatric Medicine", "pmid": "33034021", "doi": "10.1007/s41999-020-00409-9", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33034021/" }, { "id": "holybasil-gad-2008", "type": "study", "label": "Controlled programmed trial of Ocimum sanctum leaf on generalized anxiety disorders", "design": "other", "year": 2008, "n": 35, "population": "adults with generalized anxiety disorder", "intervention": "Ocimum sanctum 500 mg twice daily for 60 days", "outcome": "anxiety, stress, and depression scores", "effect": "Holy basil significantly reduced generalized anxiety and associated stress and depression over 60 days; a small, non-randomized (pre/post controlled) trial.", "journal": "Nepal Medical College Journal", "pmid": "19253862", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19253862/" }, { "id": "holybasil-review-2017", "type": "study", "label": "The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tulsi in Humans: A Systematic Review of the Literature", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2017, "n": null, "population": "adults across 24 human studies (metabolic, psychological, immune outcomes)", "intervention": "various tulsi / Ocimum preparations", "outcome": "glycemic, psychological, and immune outcomes; safety", "effect": "Across studies, tulsi consistently improved fasting/postprandial glucose and HbA1c and reduced stress symptoms, with only mild nausea reported — but only 7 of 24 studies were high quality.", "journal": "Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine", "pmid": "28400848", "doi": "10.1155/2017/9217567", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28400848/" }, { "id": "holybasil-stress-2022", "type": "study", "label": "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of an Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil) extract on stress, mood, and sleep in adults experiencing stress", "design": "rct", "year": 2022, "n": 100, "population": "adults experiencing stress", "intervention": "holy basil extract 250 mg/day vs placebo for 8 weeks", "outcome": "perceived stress, insomnia, mood, cortisol", "effect": "Perceived stress fell 37% vs 19% on placebo (p=0.003) and insomnia scores improved; hair and salivary cortisol were lower, though mood (POMS) did not differ from placebo.", "journal": "Frontiers in Nutrition", "pmid": "36185698", "doi": "10.3389/fnut.2022.965130", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36185698/" }, { "id": "holybasil-t2dm-1996", "type": "study", "label": "Randomized placebo-controlled, single blind trial of holy basil leaves in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus", "design": "rct", "year": 1996, "n": 40, "population": "patients with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes", "intervention": "holy basil leaves vs placebo leaves (crossover)", "outcome": "fasting and postprandial blood glucose; cholesterol", "effect": "Fasting glucose fell ~17.6% and postprandial glucose ~7.3% on holy basil versus placebo, with mild reductions in cholesterol; an old, small single-blind trial.", "journal": "International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics", "pmid": "8880292", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8880292/" }, { "id": "honey-oduwole-2018", "type": "study", "label": "Honey for acute cough in children", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2018, "n": 899, "population": "children with acute cough", "intervention": "honey", "outcome": "cough severity / sleep", "effect": "Reduced nighttime cough and improved sleep vs no treatment; likely better than diphenhydramine.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub5", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD007094_honey-acute-cough-children" }, { "id": "horsechestnut-cvi-cochrane-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2012, "n": 1518, "population": "adults with chronic venous insufficiency (17 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral horse chestnut seed extract standardized to escin, ~2–16 weeks", "outcome": "leg pain, leg volume/edema, pruritus", "effect": "Reduced leg pain (most placebo-controlled trials) and leg volume (pooled −32 mL); a consistent short-term benefit, though Cochrane rated the underlying evidence low quality.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "23152216", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD003230.pub4", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23152216/" }, { "id": "hydration-borghi-1996", "type": "study", "label": "Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study", "design": "rct", "year": 1996, "n": 199, "population": "calcium stone formers", "intervention": "high fluid intake (urine >2 L/day)", "outcome": "stone recurrence", "effect": "5-year recurrence 12% vs 27% with usual intake.", "journal": "Journal of Urology", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1016/s0022-5347(01)66321-3", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(01)66321-3" }, { "id": "iron-rls-cochrane-2019", "type": "study", "label": "Iron for the treatment of restless legs syndrome", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2019, "n": 428, "population": "adults with restless legs syndrome (10 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral or intravenous iron vs placebo", "outcome": "RLS severity (IRLS scale)", "effect": "Iron probably improves RLS severity (IRLS −3.78; moderate certainty); benefit seen across iron status, but low ferritin is the guideline-prioritized scenario. Check ferritin before supplementing.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "30609006", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD007834.pub3", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30609006/" }, { "id": "kava-anxiety-cochrane-2003", "type": "study", "label": "Kava extract for treating anxiety", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2003, "n": 645, "population": "adults with anxiety symptoms (11 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral kava (kavalactones) vs placebo", "outcome": "Hamilton Anxiety Scale score", "effect": "Kava significantly reduced anxiety versus placebo (~5 points on the Hamilton Anxiety Scale); short-term adverse events were mild, but the review flagged a lack of long-term safety data.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "12535473", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD003383", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12535473/" }, { "id": "kcitrate-barcelo-1993", "type": "study", "label": "Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis", "design": "rct", "year": 1993, "n": 57, "population": "calcium stone formers with low urinary citrate", "intervention": "potassium citrate", "outcome": "stone recurrence", "effect": "Remission in 72% vs 20% placebo.", "journal": "Journal of Urology", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35840-5", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)35840-5" }, { "id": "lavender-generoso-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety: An Updated Meta-Analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2017, "n": null, "population": "adults with anxiety", "intervention": "oral lavender oil (Silexan 80 mg/day)", "outcome": "anxiety scores", "effect": "Reduced anxiety vs placebo, comparable to low-dose paroxetine/lorazepam in trials.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology", "pmid": "27861196", "doi": "10.1097/JCP.0000000000000615", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27861196/" }, { "id": "lemonbalm-anxiety-2021", "type": "study", "label": "The effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2021, "n": null, "population": "patients with anxiety or depressive symptoms (RCTs to Oct 2020)", "intervention": "oral lemon balm preparations vs placebo", "outcome": "anxiety and depression symptom scores", "effect": "Lemon balm significantly improved anxiety (SMD ≈ −0.98) and depression versus placebo with no serious adverse effects, but high heterogeneity means the estimate is imprecise.", "journal": "Phytotherapy Research", "pmid": "34449930", "doi": "10.1002/ptr.7252", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34449930/" }, { "id": "lemonbalm-hsv-1999", "type": "study", "label": "Balm mint extract (Lo-701) for topical treatment of recurring herpes labialis", "design": "rct", "year": 1999, "n": 66, "population": "patients with recurrent cold sores (≥4 episodes/year)", "intervention": "1% standardized lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) cream applied 4×/day for 5 days vs placebo", "outcome": "combined symptom score; healing", "effect": "Lower symptom scores at day 2 and faster resolution versus placebo, especially when started early; small trial of one proprietary extract.", "journal": "Phytomedicine", "pmid": "10589440", "doi": "10.1016/s0944-7113(99)80013-0", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10589440/" }, { "id": "lemonbalm-t2dm-2023", "type": "study", "label": "The effects of Melissa officinalis on depression and anxiety in type 2 diabetes patients with depression: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2023, "n": 60, "population": "type 2 diabetes patients aged 20–65 with depressive symptoms (44 completed)", "intervention": "700 mg/day Melissa officinalis extract vs placebo for 12 weeks", "outcome": "anxiety and depression scores (Beck inventories)", "effect": "Anxiety and depression improved significantly more with lemon balm than placebo over 12 weeks.", "journal": "BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies", "pmid": "37131158", "doi": "10.1186/s12906-023-03978-x", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37131158/" }, { "id": "lysine-hsv-1987", "type": "study", "label": "Success of L-lysine therapy in frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection: treatment and prophylaxis", "design": "rct", "year": 1987, "n": 52, "population": "adults with frequently recurrent herpes simplex", "intervention": "oral L-lysine 1,000 mg three times daily for 6 months vs placebo", "outcome": "recurrence frequency, severity, healing time", "effect": "Reported fewer and milder recurrences with lysine versus placebo — but other trials found no effect, so the overall evidence is conflicting.", "journal": "Dermatologica", "pmid": "3115841", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3115841/" }, { "id": "magnesium-bp-2025", "type": "study", "label": "Magnesium Supplementation and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2025, "n": 2709, "population": "adults", "intervention": "oral magnesium", "outcome": "blood pressure", "effect": "Lowered systolic BP ~2.8 mmHg overall, and ~7.7 mmHg in people already on blood-pressure medication.", "journal": "Hypertension", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25129", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12529988/" }, { "id": "magnesium-fibro-2022", "type": "study", "label": "Short-term magnesium therapy alleviates moderate stress in patients with fibromyalgia: a randomized double-blind clinical trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2022, "n": 75, "population": "patients with fibromyalgia", "intervention": "magnesium chloride 100 mg/day for 1 month vs placebo", "outcome": "stress (DASS-42, primary), pain", "effect": "Missed its primary stress endpoint overall; pain severity fell significantly versus placebo and stress improved in a subgroup — weak, mixed evidence.", "journal": "Nutrients", "pmid": "35631229", "doi": "10.3390/nu14102088", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35631229/" }, { "id": "magnesium-garrison-2020", "type": "study", "label": "Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2020, "n": 735, "population": "adults with skeletal muscle cramps", "intervention": "oral/IV magnesium", "outcome": "cramp frequency and severity", "effect": "Unlikely to reduce cramp frequency or severity in older adults (moderate certainty); pregnancy data inconsistent; more GI side effects.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD009402.pub3", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD009402_magnesium-muscle-cramps" }, { "id": "magnesium-insomnia-mah-2021", "type": "study", "label": "Oral magnesium supplementation for insomnia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2021, "n": 151, "population": "older adults with insomnia", "intervention": "oral magnesium", "outcome": "sleep onset, total sleep", "effect": "Possibly shortened sleep-onset latency ~17 min; low/very-low certainty.", "journal": "BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies", "pmid": "33865376", "doi": "10.1186/s12906-021-03297-z", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33865376/" }, { "id": "magnesium-peikert-1996", "type": "study", "label": "Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomized study", "design": "rct", "year": 1996, "n": 81, "population": "adults with migraine", "intervention": "oral magnesium 600 mg/day", "outcome": "attack frequency", "effect": "Cut attack frequency 41.6% vs 15.8% placebo (a separate trial was negative — evidence is mixed).", "journal": "Cephalalgia", "pmid": "8792038", "doi": "10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1604257.x", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8792038/" }, { "id": "magnesium-pms-1991", "type": "study", "label": "Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes", "design": "rct", "year": 1991, "n": 32, "population": "women with premenstrual syndrome", "intervention": "magnesium (360 mg elemental) three times daily from mid-cycle to menses, 2 cycles, vs placebo", "outcome": "premenstrual mood / symptom scores", "effect": "Magnesium reduced the total symptom score and the negative-affect (mood) cluster versus placebo; a small early trial.", "journal": "Obstetrics & Gynecology", "pmid": "2067759", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2067759/" }, { "id": "melatonin-ferracioli-2013", "type": "study", "label": "Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2013, "n": 1683, "population": "adults with sleep disorders", "intervention": "melatonin", "outcome": "sleep latency, quality", "effect": "Shortened time to fall asleep ~7 min and modestly improved sleep quality.", "journal": "PLoS ONE", "pmid": "23691095", "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0063773", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23691095/" }, { "id": "magnesium-t2dm-2011", "type": "study", "label": "Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2011, "n": 536318, "population": "adults across 13 prospective cohorts (24,516 incident diabetes cases)", "intervention": "dietary magnesium intake (highest vs lowest; per 100 mg/day)", "outcome": "incident type 2 diabetes", "effect": "Higher dietary magnesium was associated with ~22% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, and ~14% lower risk per additional 100 mg/day — a consistent, dose-dependent observational association.", "journal": "Diabetes Care", "pmid": "21868780", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21868780/" }, { "id": "magnesium-rls-2024", "type": "study", "label": "Magnesium citrate monotherapy improves restless legs syndrome symptoms: an open-label pilot study", "design": "other", "year": 2024, "n": 12, "population": "treatment-naive adults with primary restless legs syndrome", "intervention": "magnesium citrate 200 mg/day for 8 weeks (open-label, uncontrolled)", "outcome": "RLS severity (IRLS), quality of life", "effect": "Reduced IRLS scores in an open-label pilot, but with no placebo control; the authors called for a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Weak evidence.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine", "pmid": "38738598", "doi": "10.5664/jcsm.11206", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38738598/" }, { "id": "menthol-sundstrup-2014", "type": "study", "label": "Acute Effect of Topical Menthol on Chronic Pain in Slaughterhouse Workers with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Triple-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2014, "n": null, "population": "workers with carpal tunnel syndrome", "intervention": "topical menthol", "outcome": "pain", "effect": "A single topical menthol application acutely reduced pain vs placebo.", "journal": "Rehabilitation Research and Practice", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1155/2014/310913", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4178917/" }, { "id": "nettle-rhinitis-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy of Supportive Therapy of Allergic Rhinitis by Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) root extract: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2017, "n": 74, "population": "patients with allergic rhinitis and a positive skin-prick test (only 40 completed)", "intervention": "Urtica dioica root extract 150 mg four times daily for 1 month vs placebo", "outcome": "SNOT-22 symptom severity, nasal eosinophils, cytokines", "effect": "Both nettle and placebo improved symptoms similarly on SNOT-22 — no symptom advantage for nettle; high dropout limits the trial.", "journal": "Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research", "pmid": "29844782", "doi": null, "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5963652/" }, { "id": "niacinamide-acne-1995", "type": "study", "label": "Topical nicotinamide compared with clindamycin gel in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris", "design": "rct", "year": 1995, "n": 76, "population": "patients with moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris (38 per arm)", "intervention": "topical 4% nicotinamide gel vs 1% clindamycin gel, twice daily for 8 weeks", "outcome": "global improvement, lesion counts, acne severity", "effect": "After 8 weeks both gels improved acne comparably (82% vs 68% improved), with no statistically significant difference between nicotinamide and the antibiotic.", "journal": "International Journal of Dermatology", "pmid": "7657446", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7657446/" }, { "id": "niacinamide-acne-2013", "type": "study", "label": "Topical 4% nicotinamide vs. 1% clindamycin in moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris", "design": "rct", "year": 2013, "n": 80, "population": "patients with moderate inflammatory facial acne (40 per arm)", "intervention": "topical 4% nicotinamide gel vs 1% clindamycin gel, twice daily for 8 weeks", "outcome": "acne grade/severity; effect by skin type", "effect": "Both gels reduced acne grade comparably by week 8; nicotinamide worked better on oily skin, clindamycin on non-oily skin.", "journal": "International Journal of Dermatology", "pmid": "23786503", "doi": "10.1111/ijd.12002", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23786503/" }, { "id": "omega3-bp-zhang-2022", "type": "study", "label": "Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake and Blood Pressure: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of RCTs", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2022, "n": null, "population": "adults", "intervention": "omega-3 (EPA/DHA)", "outcome": "blood pressure", "effect": "About 3 g/day lowered systolic BP ~4.5 mmHg, with the largest effect in untreated hypertensives.", "journal": "Journal of the American Heart Association", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1161/JAHA.121.025071", "url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.121.025071" }, { "id": "omega3-depression-2016", "type": "study", "label": "Meta-analysis and meta-regression of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for major depressive disorder", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2016, "n": 1233, "population": "adults with major depressive disorder (13 RCTs)", "intervention": "omega-3 supplementation (varying EPA dose) vs placebo", "outcome": "change in depression severity", "effect": "Overall benefit in major depression (SMD ~0.40); a higher EPA dose significantly predicted better outcomes, and the effect was clearest as an add-on to antidepressants.", "journal": "Translational Psychiatry", "pmid": "26978738", "doi": "10.1038/tp.2016.29", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26978738/" }, { "id": "omega3-epa-depression-2009", "type": "study", "label": "EPA but not DHA appears to be responsible for the efficacy of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in depression", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2009, "n": null, "population": "patients with depression or depressive symptoms (28 studies)", "intervention": "omega-3 with varying EPA:DHA ratios vs placebo", "outcome": "change in standardized depression scores", "effect": "Supplements that were over 50% EPA significantly reduced depression symptoms, while pure-DHA supplements did not — pointing to EPA as the active component.", "journal": "Journal of the American College of Nutrition", "pmid": "20439549", "doi": "10.1080/07315724.2009.10719785", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20439549/" }, { "id": "omega3-goldberg-2007", "type": "study", "label": "A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2007, "n": null, "population": "patients with RA or inflammatory joint pain", "intervention": "omega-3 (EPA/DHA)", "outcome": "joint pain, morning stiffness, NSAID use", "effect": "Reduced patient-reported joint pain, morning stiffness, number of painful joints, and NSAID use.", "journal": "Pain", "pmid": "17335973", "doi": "10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.020", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17335973/" }, { "id": "omega3-nafld-2025", "type": "study", "label": "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: a meta-analysis of RCTs", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2025, "n": 1615, "population": "adults with NAFLD", "intervention": "omega-3", "outcome": "liver fat and enzymes", "effect": "Improved GGT and ultrasound steatosis, but no significant effect on ALT/AST or MRI-measured liver fat.", "journal": "Clinical Nutrition", "pmid": "40441053", "doi": "10.1016/j.clnu.2025.04.030", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40441053/" }, { "id": "passionflower-anxiety-2001", "type": "study", "label": "Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam", "design": "rct", "year": 2001, "n": 36, "population": "adult outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder", "intervention": "Passiflora incarnata extract vs oxazepam 30 mg/day for 4 weeks", "outcome": "generalized anxiety severity", "effect": "Passionflower and oxazepam were both effective with no significant difference; oxazepam acted faster but caused more job-performance impairment.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics", "pmid": "11679026", "doi": "10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00367.x", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11679026/" }, { "id": "passionflower-preop-2008", "type": "study", "label": "Preoperative oral Passiflora incarnata reduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study", "design": "rct", "year": 2008, "n": 60, "population": "adults undergoing ambulatory surgery", "intervention": "oral Passiflora incarnata 500 mg 90 minutes before surgery vs placebo", "outcome": "preoperative anxiety (numerical rating scale)", "effect": "Passionflower significantly lowered pre-operative anxiety versus placebo, without sedation or impaired psychomotor recovery.", "journal": "Anesthesia & Analgesia", "pmid": "18499602", "doi": "10.1213/ane.0b013e318172c3f9", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18499602/" }, { "id": "passionflower-sleep-2011", "type": "study", "label": "A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of Passiflora incarnata (passionflower) herbal tea on subjective sleep quality", "design": "rct", "year": 2011, "n": 41, "population": "healthy adults aged 18–35 with mild fluctuations in sleep quality", "intervention": "passionflower herbal tea nightly for 1 week vs placebo tea (crossover)", "outcome": "subjective sleep quality (sleep diary)", "effect": "Subjective sleep quality was rated significantly better on passionflower than placebo over one week — a small short-term benefit.", "journal": "Phytotherapy Research", "pmid": "21294203", "doi": "10.1002/ptr.3400", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21294203/" }, { "id": "passionflower-sleep-2020", "type": "study", "label": "Effects of Passiflora incarnata on polysomnographic sleep parameters in subjects with insomnia disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study", "design": "rct", "year": 2020, "n": 110, "population": "adults meeting DSM-5 criteria for insomnia disorder", "intervention": "passionflower extract vs placebo for 2 weeks", "outcome": "polysomnography (total sleep time, sleep efficiency, WASO), ISI, PSQI", "effect": "Total sleep time increased significantly versus placebo (borderline, P=0.049); sleep efficiency and wake-after-sleep-onset did not differ from placebo.", "journal": "International Clinical Psychopharmacology", "pmid": "31714321", "doi": "10.1097/YIC.0000000000000291", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31714321/" }, { "id": "peppermint-gobel-1996", "type": "study", "label": "Effectiveness of Oleum menthae piperitae and paracetamol in therapy of tension-type headache", "design": "rct", "year": 1996, "n": 41, "population": "adults with tension-type headache", "intervention": "topical 10% peppermint oil", "outcome": "headache intensity", "effect": "Reduced tension-headache intensity vs placebo, comparable to 1000 mg acetaminophen.", "journal": "Der Nervenarzt", "pmid": "8805113", "doi": "10.1007/s001150050040", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8805113/" }, { "id": "probiotics-urti-cochrane-2022", "type": "study", "label": "Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2022, "n": 6950, "population": "children, adults, and older adults (23 RCTs analyzed)", "intervention": "various probiotic strains (mostly Lactobacillus/Bifidobacterium) vs placebo", "outcome": "acute URTI episodes, episode duration, antibiotic use", "effect": "Probiotics reduced the proportion of people with at least one acute URTI (RR 0.76) and cut antibiotic use and mean episode duration (~1 day) — though most estimates are low-to-moderate certainty and no formulation can be recommended.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "36001877", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub4", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36001877/" }, { "id": "peppermint-ibs-alammar-2019", "type": "study", "label": "The impact of peppermint oil on the irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of the pooled clinical data", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2019, "n": 835, "population": "adults with IBS", "intervention": "enteric-coated peppermint oil", "outcome": "global symptoms and pain", "effect": "Improved global IBS symptoms (RR 2.4) and abdominal pain vs placebo.", "journal": "BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine", "pmid": "30654773", "doi": "10.1186/s12906-018-2409-0", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30654773/" }, { "id": "protein-rt-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2012, "n": 680, "population": "younger and older adults (22 RCTs)", "intervention": "protein supplementation during resistance training vs placebo + same training", "outcome": "fat-free mass, muscle fiber size, 1-RM strength", "effect": "Adding protein to resistance training increased fat-free mass (~+0.69 kg) and leg-press strength (~+13.5 kg) more than training alone, in both younger and older adults.", "journal": "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition", "pmid": "23134885", "doi": "10.3945/ajcn.112.037556", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23134885/" }, { "id": "pumpkinseed-aga-2014", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of pumpkin seed oil on hair growth in men with androgenetic alopecia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2014, "n": 76, "population": "men aged 20–65 with mild-to-moderate androgenetic alopecia", "intervention": "400 mg/day oral pumpkin seed oil capsule vs placebo for 24 weeks", "outcome": "scalp hair count, self-assessment", "effect": "Hair count rose ~40% with pumpkin seed oil vs ~10% with placebo; the capsule was a proprietary multi-ingredient product, so the effect cannot be attributed to pumpkin seed oil alone.", "journal": "Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine", "pmid": "24864154", "doi": "10.1155/2014/549721", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24864154/" }, { "id": "psyllium-jovanovski-2018", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of psyllium fiber on LDL cholesterol and alternative lipid targets: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2018, "n": null, "population": "adults", "intervention": "psyllium", "outcome": "LDL cholesterol", "effect": "Significantly lowered LDL and non-HDL cholesterol vs control.", "journal": "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1093/ajcn/nqy121", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy121" }, { "id": "pygeum-bph-cochrane-2002", "type": "study", "label": "Pygeum africanum for benign prostatic hyperplasia", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2002, "n": 1562, "population": "men with BPH (18 RCTs)", "intervention": "Pygeum africanum (Prunus africana) bark extract vs placebo", "outcome": "urologic symptoms, nocturia, peak urine flow, residual volume", "effect": "Modestly improved symptoms and flow — men were about twice as likely to report improvement — but trials were small, short, and used non-standardized preparations.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "11869585", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD001044", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11869585/" }, { "id": "redclover-hotflash-2021", "type": "study", "label": "Evaluation of clinical meaningfulness of red clover (Trifolium pratense) extract to relieve hot flushes and menopausal symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2021, "n": 1179, "population": "peri- and postmenopausal women (8 RCTs)", "intervention": "red clover isoflavone extract vs placebo", "outcome": "hot flush frequency", "effect": "Reduced daily hot flushes by ~1.7 (significant), strongest at higher doses and in women with frequent flushes; a separate meta-analysis found the effect non-significant, so results are inconsistent.", "journal": "Nutrients", "pmid": "33920485", "doi": "10.3390/nu13041258", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33920485/" }, { "id": "rhodiola-depression-2007", "type": "study", "label": "Clinical trial of Rhodiola rosea L. extract SHR-5 in the treatment of mild to moderate depression", "design": "rct", "year": 2007, "n": 89, "population": "adults aged 18–70 with mild-to-moderate depression", "intervention": "SHR-5 extract 340 mg/day or 680 mg/day vs placebo, 6 weeks", "outcome": "depression severity (Hamilton, Beck)", "effect": "Both Rhodiola doses significantly improved overall depression, insomnia, and emotional instability versus placebo, with no serious adverse effects — but the trial was small and short.", "journal": "Nordic Journal of Psychiatry", "pmid": "17990195", "doi": "10.1080/08039480701643290", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17990195/" }, { "id": "riboflavin-schoenen-1998", "type": "study", "label": "Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial", "design": "rct", "year": 1998, "n": 55, "population": "adults with migraine", "intervention": "riboflavin 400 mg/day", "outcome": "attack frequency", "effect": "59% were ≥50% responders vs 15% placebo (number-needed-to-treat 2.3).", "journal": "Neurology", "pmid": "9932987", "doi": "10.1212/WNL.50.2.466", "url": "https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.50.2.466" }, { "id": "rhodiola-depression-2015", "type": "study", "label": "Rhodiola rosea versus sertraline for major depressive disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2015, "n": 57, "population": "adults with mild-to-moderate major depressive disorder", "intervention": "Rhodiola extract (SHR-5) 340 mg/day vs sertraline 50 mg/day vs placebo, 12 weeks", "outcome": "depression severity (HAM-D-17) and tolerability", "effect": "Rhodiola reduced depression scores between sertraline and placebo but with no statistically significant separation from placebo; it caused far fewer adverse effects than sertraline (30% vs 63%).", "journal": "Phytomedicine", "pmid": "25837277", "doi": "10.1016/j.phymed.2015.01.010", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25837277/" }, { "id": "rosemary-aga-2015", "type": "study", "label": "Rosemary oil vs minoxidil 2% for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a randomized comparative trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2015, "n": 100, "population": "patients with androgenetic alopecia", "intervention": "topical rosemary oil vs topical minoxidil 2%, twice daily for 6 months", "outcome": "hair count; scalp itching", "effect": "Both groups gained hair count at 6 months with no significant difference between rosemary oil and minoxidil 2%; rosemary caused less scalp itching. Single-blind, no placebo arm.", "journal": "Skinmed", "pmid": "25842469", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25842469/" }, { "id": "ryr-cicero-2021", "type": "study", "label": "Lipid-Lowering Nutraceuticals in Clinical Practice (JACC Focus Seminar)", "design": "review", "year": 2021, "n": null, "population": "adults with dyslipidemia", "intervention": "red yeast rice and other nutraceuticals", "outcome": "LDL cholesterol", "effect": "Red yeast rice lowers LDL ~15–25% (it contains monacolin K, i.e. lovastatin).", "journal": "Journal of the American College of Cardiology", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.056", "url": "https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.056" }, { "id": "saffron-affron-youth-2018", "type": "study", "label": "affron, a standardised extract from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for the treatment of youth anxiety and depressive symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study", "design": "rct", "year": 2018, "n": 80, "population": "youth aged 12–16 with mild-to-moderate anxiety or depressive symptoms (68 completed)", "intervention": "saffron extract (affron) 14 mg twice daily vs placebo for 8 weeks", "outcome": "self- and parent-reported internalising (anxiety/depression) symptoms", "effect": "By youth self-report, saffron improved overall internalising symptoms, separation anxiety, and social phobia (total scores fell ~33% vs ~17% on placebo); parent reports corroborated only inconsistently.", "journal": "Journal of Affective Disorders", "pmid": "29510352", "doi": "10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.026", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29510352/" }, { "id": "saffron-anxiety-2019", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of saffron supplementation on symptoms of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2019, "n": null, "population": "adults with depressive and/or anxiety symptoms (23 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral saffron vs placebo or antidepressant", "outcome": "standardized anxiety and depression symptom scores", "effect": "Saffron showed a large effect on anxiety symptoms versus placebo (Hedges g ≈ 0.95); trials are mostly small, short, and geographically concentrated.", "journal": "Nutrition Reviews", "pmid": "31135916", "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuz023", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31135916/" }, { "id": "saffron-depression-2013", "type": "study", "label": "Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2013, "n": null, "population": "adults with major depressive disorder (5 RCTs)", "intervention": "saffron vs placebo or antidepressant", "outcome": "reduction in depression symptom scores", "effect": "Saffron reduced depression symptoms much more than placebo (large effect size ~1.62) and about as much as standard antidepressants; the authors called for larger trials run outside Iran.", "journal": "Journal of Integrative Medicine", "pmid": "24299602", "doi": "10.3736/jintegrmed2013056", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24299602/" }, { "id": "saffron-depression-2018", "type": "study", "label": "Comparative efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. for treating mild to moderate major depressive disorder in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2018, "n": null, "population": "adults with mild-to-moderate major depression (7 RCTs)", "intervention": "saffron vs placebo or synthetic antidepressants", "outcome": "change in depression severity", "effect": "Saffron significantly outperformed placebo (SMD −1.22) and was statistically no different from synthetic antidepressants, with a good safety profile.", "journal": "Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment", "pmid": "29849461", "doi": "10.2147/NDT.S165125", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29849461/" }, { "id": "same-adjuvant-2024", "type": "study", "label": "S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as an adjuvant therapy for patients with depression: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2024, "n": 1522, "population": "adults with depression (14 RCTs)", "intervention": "SAMe as monotherapy or add-on vs placebo or antidepressants", "outcome": "change in depression severity", "effect": "Found NO significant difference for SAMe versus placebo (as monotherapy or add-on) or versus imipramine/escitalopram; authors urged caution given few trials and a wide dose range.", "journal": "General Hospital Psychiatry", "pmid": "38199136", "doi": "10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.12.009", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38199136/" }, { "id": "same-depression-2024", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy and acceptability of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) for depressed patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2024, "n": 2234, "population": "adults with depression (23 trials)", "intervention": "SAMe vs placebo, vs antidepressants, or as add-on therapy", "outcome": "reduction in depressive symptoms; acceptability", "effect": "SAMe monotherapy beat placebo (SMD −0.58) with oral and intramuscular routes effective; a trend toward slightly less benefit than antidepressants. (A separate 2024 meta-analysis found no significant benefit — the evidence is mixed.)", "journal": "European Psychiatry", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.680", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.680" }, { "id": "same-rutjes-2009", "type": "study", "label": "S-Adenosylmethionine for osteoarthritis of the knee or hip", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2009, "n": 656, "population": "adults with knee or hip OA", "intervention": "SAMe", "outcome": "pain, function", "effect": "Inconclusive — a possible benefit on pain and function, but the evidence is too low-quality to recommend routine use.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD007321.pub2", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD007321_s-adenosylmethionine-same-osteoarthritis" }, { "id": "sawpalmetto-aga-2023", "type": "study", "label": "Oral and topical administration of a standardized saw palmetto oil reduces hair fall and improves hair growth in androgenetic alopecia: a 16-week randomized, placebo-controlled study", "design": "rct", "year": 2023, "n": 80, "population": "adults with mild-to-moderate androgenetic alopecia", "intervention": "oral and/or topical standardized saw palmetto oil vs placebo for 16 weeks", "outcome": "hair fall, hair density, serum DHT", "effect": "Reduced hair fall (~22–29%) and modestly increased hair density (~5–8%) versus placebo; oral dosing also lowered serum DHT. Small, short trial.", "journal": "Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology", "pmid": "38021422", "doi": "10.2147/CCID.S435795", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38021422/" }, { "id": "sawpalmetto-bph-cochrane-2023", "type": "study", "label": "Serenoa repens for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement: an updated Cochrane review", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2024, "n": 4656, "population": "men with lower urinary tract symptoms from benign prostatic enlargement (27 RCTs)", "intervention": "saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) extract vs placebo", "outcome": "urological symptom score (IPSS), quality of life, adverse events", "effect": "High-certainty evidence of little to no difference from placebo in urinary symptoms (IPSS −0.90, below the meaningful threshold) or quality of life.", "journal": "World Journal of Men's Health", "pmid": "38164033", "doi": "10.5534/wjmh.230222", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38164033/" }, { "id": "selenium-huwiler-2024", "type": "study", "label": "Selenium Supplementation in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2024, "n": 2358, "population": "adults with Hashimoto thyroiditis", "intervention": "selenium", "outcome": "thyroid antibodies (TPOAb)", "effect": "Lowered TPO antibody levels; clinical relevance unproven.", "journal": "Thyroid", "pmid": "38243784", "doi": "10.1089/thy.2023.0556", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10951571/" }, { "id": "sawpalmetto-bph-cochrane-2009", "type": "study", "label": "Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2009, "n": 5222, "population": "men with BPH (30 trials)", "intervention": "saw palmetto extract vs placebo", "outcome": "urinary symptom scores, nocturia, peak urine flow, prostate size", "effect": "No significant benefit over placebo; even double or triple doses showed no effect on symptoms, flow, or prostate size.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "19370565", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub2", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370565/" }, { "id": "silymarin-wahkheong-2017", "type": "study", "label": "A Randomized Trial of Silymarin for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis", "design": "rct", "year": 2017, "n": null, "population": "adults with biopsy-proven NASH", "intervention": "silymarin (milk thistle)", "outcome": "liver histology / enzymes", "effect": "Did not significantly meet the histologic fibrosis endpoint; may modestly improve liver enzymes.", "journal": "Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.016", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.04.016" }, { "id": "sjw-interactions-2002", "type": "study", "label": "St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes", "design": "review", "year": 2002, "n": null, "population": "patients taking St John's wort with concomitant prescription medicines", "intervention": "St John's wort co-administration", "outcome": "pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions", "effect": "Documents clinically significant interactions that reduce the effect of warfarin, cyclosporine, HIV protease inhibitors, theophylline, digoxin, and oral contraceptives (via induction of CYP3A4/2C9/1A2 and P-glycoprotein), plus serotonin-syndrome risk with SSRIs and triptans.", "journal": "British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology", "pmid": "12392581", "doi": "10.1046/j.1365-2125.2002.01683.x", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12392581/" }, { "id": "sjw-depression-cochrane-2008", "type": "study", "label": "St John's wort for major depression", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2008, "n": 5489, "population": "adults with major depression, mostly mild-to-moderate (29 RCTs)", "intervention": "standardized Hypericum perforatum extracts vs placebo or standard antidepressants", "outcome": "treatment response; dropouts due to adverse effects", "effect": "St John's wort beat placebo (response rate ratio ~1.28 in larger trials) and matched standard antidepressants, with fewer adverse-effect dropouts — but results were markedly heterogeneous and more favourable in German-speaking-country trials.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "18843608", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD000448.pub3", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18843608/" }, { "id": "soy-hotflash-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Extracted or synthesized soybean isoflavones reduce menopausal hot flash frequency and severity: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2012, "n": null, "population": "menopausal women (17 RCTs pooled)", "intervention": "soy isoflavone supplements vs placebo", "outcome": "hot flash frequency and severity", "effect": "Soy isoflavones reduced hot flash frequency by ~21% and severity by ~26% versus placebo, with a dose-response for higher-genistein products.", "journal": "Menopause", "pmid": "22433977", "doi": "10.1097/gme.0b013e3182410159", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22433977/" }, { "id": "spirulina-rhinitis-2008", "type": "study", "label": "The effects of spirulina on allergic rhinitis", "design": "rct", "year": 2008, "n": 150, "population": "patients with allergic rhinitis (double-blind, placebo-controlled)", "intervention": "spirulina ~2000 mg/day vs placebo", "outcome": "symptom scores and physical findings", "effect": "Spirulina significantly improved nasal discharge, sneezing, congestion, and itching compared with placebo; the overall evidence base is still small.", "journal": "European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology", "pmid": "18343939", "doi": "10.1007/s00405-008-0642-8", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18343939/" }, { "id": "sterols-demonty-2009", "type": "study", "label": "Continuous dose-response relationship of the LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of phytosterol intake", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2009, "n": null, "population": "adults", "intervention": "plant sterols/stanols", "outcome": "LDL cholesterol", "effect": "About 2 g/day lowered LDL ~8–10%.", "journal": "Journal of Nutrition", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.3945/jn.108.095125", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.095125" }, { "id": "supplements-eczema-cochrane-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2012, "n": 596, "population": "participants with established atopic eczema (11 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral dietary supplements including fish oil / omega-3, zinc, selenium, vitamins, and seed oils", "outcome": "eczema severity and symptom / quality-of-life outcomes", "effect": "Found no convincing evidence that dietary supplements benefit eczema; two small fish-oil studies hinted at a modest effect that needs confirmation in larger trials.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": "22336810", "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD005205.pub3", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22336810/" }, { "id": "tart-cherry-hill-2021", "type": "study", "label": "Tart Cherry Supplementation and Recovery From Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2021, "n": null, "population": "exercising adults", "intervention": "tart (Montmorency) cherry juice/concentrate", "outcome": "muscle soreness, strength/power recovery, inflammation", "effect": "Improved recovery of strength (ES −0.78) and power and modestly reduced soreness; small reductions in CRP and IL-6.", "journal": "International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism", "pmid": "33440334", "doi": "10.1123/ijsnem.2020-0145", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33440334/" }, { "id": "tartcherry-sleep-2012", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality", "design": "rct", "year": 2012, "n": 20, "population": "healthy adult volunteers (crossover)", "intervention": "Montmorency tart cherry juice concentrate for 7 days vs placebo", "outcome": "urinary melatonin and actigraphy/subjective sleep", "effect": "Tart cherry juice raised urinary melatonin and significantly increased time in bed, total sleep time, and sleep efficiency versus placebo.", "journal": "European Journal of Nutrition", "pmid": "22038497", "doi": "10.1007/s00394-011-0263-7", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22038497/" }, { "id": "teatree-acne-2007", "type": "study", "label": "The efficacy of 5% topical tea tree oil gel in mild to moderate acne vulgaris: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study", "design": "rct", "year": 2007, "n": 60, "population": "patients with mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris (30 tea tree oil, 30 placebo)", "intervention": "5% topical tea tree oil gel twice daily", "outcome": "total lesion count and acne severity index", "effect": "Tea tree oil gel was ~3.6× more effective than placebo for total lesion count and ~5.8× for acne severity, with similar, tolerable side effects.", "journal": "Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology", "pmid": "17314442", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17314442/" }, { "id": "tartcherry-sleep-2010", "type": "study", "label": "Effects of a tart cherry juice beverage on the sleep of older adults with insomnia: a pilot study", "design": "rct", "year": 2010, "n": 15, "population": "older adults (50+) with chronic insomnia", "intervention": "tart cherry juice blend twice daily for 2 weeks vs placebo (crossover)", "outcome": "insomnia severity and sleep-continuity variables", "effect": "Tart cherry juice produced significant but modest improvements in sleep and reduced wake time after sleep onset — smaller than hypnotics or CBT.", "journal": "Journal of Medicinal Food", "pmid": "20438325", "doi": "10.1089/jmf.2009.0096", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20438325/" }, { "id": "theanine-sleep-2019", "type": "study", "label": "Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2019, "n": 30, "population": "healthy adults (mean age ~48), crossover", "intervention": "L-theanine 200 mg/day for 4 weeks vs placebo", "outcome": "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and stress/cognition", "effect": "L-theanine lowered the overall PSQI score and improved sleep-latency, sleep-disturbance, and sleep-medication subscales versus placebo.", "journal": "Nutrients", "pmid": "31623400", "doi": "10.3390/nu11102362", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31623400/" }, { "id": "theanine-sleep-2025", "type": "study", "label": "The effects of L-theanine consumption on sleep outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2025, "n": 897, "population": "adults, mixed (healthy, stressed, some clinical) across 19 RCTs", "intervention": "L-theanine 50–900 mg/day, alone and in combinations, vs placebo", "outcome": "subjective and objective sleep outcomes", "effect": "L-theanine significantly improved subjective sleep onset latency and overall sleep quality; effects on objective sleep were inconsistent, and many positive trials used combination products.", "journal": "Sleep Medicine Reviews", "pmid": "40056718", "doi": "10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102076", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40056718/" }, { "id": "valerian-bent-2006", "type": "study", "label": "Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2006, "n": 1093, "population": "adults", "intervention": "valerian", "outcome": "sleep quality", "effect": "May improve subjective sleep, but evidence is low-quality with publication bias.", "journal": "American Journal of Medicine", "pmid": "17145239", "doi": "10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.026", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17145239/" }, { "id": "vitamin-d-gaikwad-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Does vitamin D supplementation alleviate chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2017, "n": null, "population": "adults with chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain", "intervention": "vitamin D supplementation", "outcome": "pain", "effect": "No meaningful reduction in chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain (SMD ≈ 0).", "journal": "Clinical Rheumatology", "pmid": "26861032", "doi": "10.1007/s10067-016-3205-1", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26861032/" }, { "id": "vitc-choi-2009", "type": "study", "label": "Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study", "design": "cohort", "year": 2009, "n": 46994, "population": "men without gout at baseline", "intervention": "dietary/supplemental vitamin C", "outcome": "incident gout", "effect": "Higher vitamin C intake associated with lower risk of developing gout over 20 years.", "journal": "Archives of Internal Medicine", "pmid": "19273781", "doi": "10.1001/archinternmed.2008.606", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19273781/" }, { "id": "vitc-cold-hemila-2013", "type": "study", "label": "Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2013, "n": null, "population": "general population", "intervention": "vitamin C", "outcome": "cold incidence and duration", "effect": "Does not prevent colds in the general population; regular intake shortens duration ~8%.", "journal": "Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews", "pmid": null, "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD000980_vitamin-c-preventing-and-treating-common-cold" }, { "id": "vitc-stamp-2013", "type": "study", "label": "Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial", "design": "rct", "year": 2013, "n": 40, "population": "people with gout", "intervention": "vitamin C", "outcome": "serum urate", "effect": "Did not clinically meaningfully lower serum urate, alone or with allopurinol.", "journal": "Arthritis & Rheumatism", "pmid": "23495093", "doi": "10.1002/art.37925", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23495093/" }, { "id": "vitd-fibro-2025", "type": "study", "label": "Does vitamin D supplementation impact fibromyalgia-related pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2025, "n": 310, "population": "adults with fibromyalgia (5 RCTs)", "intervention": "vitamin D supplementation vs control", "outcome": "fibromyalgia-related pain (NRS/VAS, FIQ)", "effect": "Reported a modest, significant pain reduction (SMD ≈ −0.85), strongest in deficient patients; a separate meta-analysis found the VAS effect non-significant, so certainty is low-to-moderate.", "journal": "Nutrients", "pmid": "41156485", "doi": "10.3390/nu17203232", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41156485/" }, { "id": "vitd-ari-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2017, "n": 10933, "population": "participants of all ages across 25 RCTs", "intervention": "vitamin D (daily, weekly, or bolus) vs placebo", "outcome": "incidence of acute respiratory tract infection", "effect": "Vitamin D modestly reduced the odds of at least one acute respiratory infection (aOR 0.88), with a much larger benefit in severely deficient people (aOR 0.58) and only for daily/weekly — not bolus — dosing.", "journal": "BMJ", "pmid": "28202713", "doi": "10.1136/bmj.i6583", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28202713/" }, { "id": "vitd-falls-sturdy-2021", "type": "study", "label": "The Effects of Four Doses of Vitamin D Supplements on Falls in Older Adults: A Response-Adaptive, Randomized Clinical Trial (STURDY)", "design": "rct", "year": 2021, "n": 688, "population": "community-dwelling adults aged ≥70 at elevated fall risk", "intervention": "vitamin D3 200 (control), 1000, 2000, or 4000 IU/day", "outcome": "time to first fall or death", "effect": "Higher-dose vitamin D did not prevent falls; 2000 and 4000 IU/day had higher fall/death rates than 1000 IU/day — suggesting no benefit and possible harm at higher doses.", "journal": "Annals of Internal Medicine", "pmid": "33284677", "doi": "10.7326/M20-3812", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33284677/" }, { "id": "vitd-fracture-vital-2022", "type": "study", "label": "Supplemental Vitamin D and Incident Fractures in Midlife and Older Adults", "design": "rct", "year": 2022, "n": 25871, "population": "generally healthy US adults not selected for vitamin D deficiency (VITAL)", "intervention": "vitamin D3 2000 IU/day vs placebo (no supplemental calcium)", "outcome": "incident total, nonvertebral, and hip fractures", "effect": "Vitamin D3 alone did not reduce fractures — total HR 0.98, hip HR 1.01 — in adults who were not vitamin-D-deficient. (Does not apply to correcting overt deficiency.)", "journal": "New England Journal of Medicine", "pmid": "35939577", "doi": "10.1056/NEJMoa2202106", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35939577/" }, { "id": "vitd-muscle-2014", "type": "study", "label": "The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2014, "n": 5615, "population": "adults across 30 RCTs (subgroup aged 65+)", "intervention": "vitamin D supplementation vs placebo/control", "outcome": "muscle strength, mass, and power", "effect": "A small but significant effect on muscle strength (SMD ~0.17, larger in those 65+), with no significant effect on muscle mass or power.", "journal": "Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism", "pmid": "25033068", "doi": "10.1210/jc.2014-1742", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25033068/" }, { "id": "vite-pivens-2010", "type": "study", "label": "Pioglitazone, Vitamin E, or Placebo for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (PIVENS)", "design": "rct", "year": 2010, "n": 247, "population": "non-diabetic adults with biopsy-proven NASH", "intervention": "vitamin E 800 IU/day", "outcome": "liver histology", "effect": "Histologic improvement in 43% vs 19% placebo; no improvement in fibrosis.", "journal": "New England Journal of Medicine", "pmid": "20427778", "doi": "10.1056/NEJMoa0907929", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20427778/" }, { "id": "vitk2-bone-2019", "type": "study", "label": "Effect of vitamin K on bone mineral density and fractures in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2019, "n": null, "population": "adults, predominantly postmenopausal/osteoporotic (36 RCTs)", "intervention": "oral vitamin K supplementation for at least 6 months", "outcome": "bone mineral density and clinical/vertebral fractures", "effect": "Found no convincing effect on bone density or vertebral fractures once high-bias trials were removed; a possible reduction in clinical fractures was judged insufficient to confirm.", "journal": "Osteoporosis International", "pmid": "31076817", "doi": "10.1007/s00198-019-04949-0", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31076817/" }, { "id": "vitk2-bone-2022", "type": "study", "label": "Efficacy of vitamin K2 in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2022, "n": 6425, "population": "postmenopausal women (16 RCTs)", "intervention": "vitamin K2 (MK-7 or MK-4), alone or with vitamin D / calcium", "outcome": "lumbar-spine BMD, fracture incidence, bone-turnover markers", "effect": "Reported improved lumbar-spine bone density and lower fracture incidence in postmenopausal women, with no excess adverse events — though most data are from postmenopausal/Japanese cohorts.", "journal": "Frontiers in Public Health", "pmid": "36033779", "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2022.979649", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36033779/" }, { "id": "zinc-acne-2013", "type": "study", "label": "The clinical effects of zinc as a topical or oral agent on the clinical response and pathophysiologic mechanisms of acne: a systematic review of the literature", "design": "systematic-review", "year": 2013, "n": null, "population": "acne vulgaris patients across the published literature", "intervention": "oral or topical zinc", "outcome": "clinical response; antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and sebum-related mechanisms", "effect": "Graded the strength of recommendation for zinc in acne as SORT 'B' (limited, inconsistent evidence); zinc shows antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity and may reduce sebum.", "journal": "Journal of Drugs in Dermatology", "pmid": "23652948", "doi": null, "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23652948/" }, { "id": "zinc-acne-2020", "type": "study", "label": "Serum zinc levels and efficacy of zinc treatment in acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2020, "n": null, "population": "patients with acne vulgaris vs controls (pooled across studies)", "intervention": "oral or topical zinc supplementation", "outcome": "serum zinc, inflammatory papule count, adverse events", "effect": "Acne patients had significantly lower serum zinc than controls, and zinc treatment significantly reduced inflammatory papule counts, with no significant increase in side effects.", "journal": "Dermatologic Therapy", "pmid": "32860489", "doi": "10.1111/dth.14252", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32860489/" }, { "id": "zinc-hemila-2017", "type": "study", "label": "Zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold: an individual patient data meta-analysis", "design": "meta-analysis", "year": 2017, "n": 199, "population": "adults with colds", "intervention": "zinc acetate lozenges", "outcome": "cold duration", "effect": "Shortened colds by ~2.7 days (~33%) when started early at high dose.", "journal": "British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology", "pmid": "27378206", "doi": "10.1111/bcp.13057", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5061795/" }, { "id": "acr-gout-2020", "type": "source", "label": "2020 ACR Guideline for the Management of Gout", "publisher": "other", "url": "https://rheumatology.org/press-releases/acr-releases-gout-management-guideline-with-emphasis-on-treat-to-target-strategy-for-urate-lowering-therapy", "year": 2020, "kind": "guideline" }, { "id": "aua-kidney-stones", "type": "source", "label": "Kidney Stones (NIDDK)", "publisher": "other", "url": "https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-stones", "year": null, "kind": "guideline" }, { "id": "medlineplus-colchicine", "type": "source", "label": "Colchicine", "publisher": "MedlinePlus", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682711.html", "year": null, "kind": "monograph" }, { "id": "medlineplus-constipation", "type": "source", "label": "Constipation", "publisher": "MedlinePlus", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/constipation.html", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "medlineplus-gerd", "type": "source", "label": "GERD", "publisher": "MedlinePlus", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/gerd.html", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "medlineplus-ibs", "type": "source", "label": "Irritable Bowel Syndrome", "publisher": "MedlinePlus", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/irritablebowelsyndrome.html", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "medlineplus-kidney-stones", "type": "source", "label": "Kidney Stones", "publisher": "MedlinePlus", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/kidneystones.html", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "msk-berberine", "type": "source", "label": "Berberine", "publisher": "MSK About Herbs", "url": "https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/berberine", "year": null, "kind": "monograph" }, { "id": "msk-boswellia", "type": "source", "label": "Boswellia", "publisher": "MSK About Herbs", "url": "https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/boswellia", "year": null, "kind": "monograph" }, { "id": "msk-comfrey", "type": "source", "label": "Comfrey", "publisher": "MSK About Herbs", "url": "https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/comfrey", "year": null, "kind": "monograph" }, { "id": "msk-peppermint", "type": "source", "label": "Peppermint", "publisher": "MSK About Herbs", "url": "https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/peppermint", "year": null, "kind": "monograph" }, { "id": "msk-l-theanine", "type": "source", "label": "L-Theanine", "publisher": "MSK About Herbs", "url": "https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/l-theanine", "year": null, "kind": "monograph" }, { "id": "msk-willow-bark", "type": "source", "label": "Willow Bark", "publisher": "MSK About Herbs", "url": "https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/willow-bark", "year": null, "kind": "monograph" }, { "id": "nccih-butterbur", "type": "source", "label": "Butterbur", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/butterbur", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-chamomile", "type": "source", "label": "Chamomile", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/chamomile", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-echinacea", "type": "source", "label": "Echinacea", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/echinacea", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-colds", "type": "source", "label": "Common Cold", "publisher": "MedlinePlus", "url": "https://medlineplus.gov/commoncold.html", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-ginger", "type": "source", "label": "Ginger", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginger", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-glucosamine-chondroitin", "type": "source", "label": "Glucosamine and Chondroitin for Osteoarthritis: What You Need To Know", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/glucosamine-and-chondroitin-for-osteoarthritis", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-feverfew", "type": "source", "label": "Feverfew: Usefulness and Safety", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/feverfew", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-hypertension", "type": "source", "label": "Complementary Health Approaches for Hypertension: What the Science Says", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/providers/digest/complementary-health-approaches-for-hypertension-science", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-licorice", "type": "source", "label": "Licorice Root", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/licorice-root", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-lavender", "type": "source", "label": "Lavender", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-melatonin", "type": "source", "label": "Melatonin: What You Need To Know", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/melatonin-what-you-need-to-know", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-milk-thistle", "type": "source", "label": "Milk Thistle", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/milk-thistle", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-omega3", "type": "source", "label": "Omega-3 Supplements: In Depth", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/omega3-supplements-in-depth", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-red-yeast-rice", "type": "source", "label": "Red Yeast Rice", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/red-yeast-rice", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-turmeric", "type": "source", "label": "Turmeric: Usefulness and Safety", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/turmeric", "year": 2023, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "nccih-valerian", "type": "source", "label": "Valerian", "publisher": "NCCIH", "url": "https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/valerian", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "niddk-nafld", "type": "source", "label": "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) & NASH", "publisher": "other", "url": "https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/nafld-nash", "year": null, "kind": "guideline" }, { "id": "ods-ashwagandha", "type": "source", "label": "Ashwagandha — Health Professional Fact Sheet", "publisher": "NIH ODS", "url": "https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Ashwagandha-HealthProfessional/", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "ods-magnesium", "type": "source", "label": "Magnesium — Health Professional Fact Sheet", "publisher": "NIH ODS", "url": "https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "ods-omega3", "type": "source", "label": "Omega-3 Fatty Acids — Health Professional Fact Sheet", "publisher": "NIH ODS", "url": "https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "ods-selenium", "type": "source", "label": "Selenium — Health Professional Fact Sheet", "publisher": "NIH ODS", "url": "https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "ods-vitamin-c", "type": "source", "label": "Vitamin C — Health Professional Fact Sheet", "publisher": "NIH ODS", "url": "https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "ods-vitamin-d", "type": "source", "label": "Vitamin D — Health Professional Fact Sheet", "publisher": "NIH ODS", "url": "https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "ods-riboflavin", "type": "source", "label": "Riboflavin — Health Professional Fact Sheet", "publisher": "NIH ODS", "url": "https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/", "year": null, "kind": "fact-sheet" }, { "id": "allantoin", "type": "compound", "label": "Allantoin", "aliases": [], "classification": "comfrey constituent", "summary": "A tissue-repair compound in comfrey; the extract also contains anti-inflammatory rosmarinic acid.", "mechanism": "Promotes cell proliferation and tissue repair; the whole extract is anti-inflammatory.", "targets": [ "tissue repair" ] }, { "id": "allicin", "type": "compound", "label": "Allicin", "aliases": [], "classification": "organosulfur compound", "summary": "The pungent sulfur compound formed when garlic is crushed.", "mechanism": "Enhances endothelial nitric-oxide signalling, producing mild vasodilation.", "targets": [ "nitric oxide", "endothelium" ] }, { "id": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "type": "compound", "label": "Alpha-lipoic acid", "aliases": [ "ALA", "thioctic acid", "lipoic acid" ], "classification": "organosulfur antioxidant", "summary": "A sulfur-containing antioxidant the body makes in small amounts, also taken as a supplement for nerve symptoms.", "mechanism": "A potent antioxidant that regenerates other antioxidants and may reduce oxidative stress in peripheral nerves; also studied for glucose uptake.", "targets": [ "oxidative stress", "AMPK", "glucose uptake" ] }, { "id": "anethole", "type": "compound", "label": "Anethole", "aliases": [], "classification": "phenylpropene", "summary": "The sweet aromatic of fennel and anise.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "anthocyanins", "type": "compound", "label": "Anthocyanins", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavonoid (polyphenol)", "summary": "The red-purple pigments of tart cherries and berries.", "mechanism": "Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory — reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in exercise-damaged muscle.", "targets": [ "oxidative stress", "IL-6", "CRP" ] }, { "id": "apigenin", "type": "compound", "label": "Apigenin", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavone", "summary": "A flavone found in chamomile and parsley.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "bacosides", "type": "compound", "label": "Bacosides", "aliases": [ "bacoside A" ], "classification": "dammarane triterpenoid saponins", "summary": "The saponins thought to carry Bacopa monnieri's effects on memory.", "mechanism": "Proposed to support synaptic transmission and provide antioxidant/cholinergic effects in the hippocampus; the precise human mechanism is not firmly established.", "targets": [ "synaptic transmission", "oxidative stress" ] }, { "id": "baicalin", "type": "compound", "label": "Baicalin", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavone glycoside", "summary": "A flavonoid from Scutellaria (skullcap).", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "bisabolol", "type": "compound", "label": "Bisabolol", "aliases": [ "alpha-bisabolol" ], "classification": "sesquiterpene alcohol", "summary": "A soothing constituent of chamomile.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "berberine", "type": "compound", "label": "Berberine", "aliases": [], "classification": "isoquinoline alkaloid", "summary": "A yellow alkaloid from goldenseal, barberry, and Coptis.", "mechanism": "Upregulates the hepatic LDL receptor (via PCSK9/ERK) and activates AMPK.", "targets": [ "LDL receptor", "AMPK", "PCSK9" ] }, { "id": "boswellic-acids", "type": "compound", "label": "Boswellic acids", "aliases": [], "classification": "triterpenoid (boswellic acid)", "summary": "The active resins of Boswellia serrata, notably AKBA.", "mechanism": "Inhibit 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), reducing synthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes.", "targets": [ "5-LOX", "leukotrienes" ] }, { "id": "carnosic-acid", "type": "compound", "label": "Carnosic acid", "aliases": [], "classification": "diterpene", "summary": "An antioxidant diterpene from rosemary and sage.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "capsaicin", "type": "compound", "label": "Capsaicin", "aliases": [], "classification": "capsaicinoid (alkaloid)", "summary": "The pungent compound in chili peppers, used topically for pain.", "mechanism": "A TRPV1 agonist: initial excitation of pain-sensing C-fibers followed by reversible \"defunctionalization\" of the nerve terminals.", "targets": [ "TRPV1", "substance P" ] }, { "id": "carvacrol", "type": "compound", "label": "Carvacrol", "aliases": [], "classification": "monoterpene phenol", "summary": "An antimicrobial aromatic compound from oregano.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "chlorogenic-acid", "type": "compound", "label": "Chlorogenic acid", "aliases": [], "classification": "hydroxycinnamic acid ester", "summary": "A polyphenol abundant in coffee.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "catechin", "type": "compound", "label": "Catechin", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavan-3-ol", "summary": "A flavan-3-ol found in tea, cocoa, and many fruits.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "cinnamaldehyde", "type": "compound", "label": "Cinnamaldehyde", "aliases": [ "trans-cinnamaldehyde" ], "classification": "phenylpropanoid aldehyde", "summary": "The compound that gives cinnamon its smell and most of its studied metabolic activity.", "mechanism": "Studied for improving insulin signalling and slowing gastric emptying, which may blunt post-meal glucose rises.", "targets": [ "insulin signalling", "GLUT4" ] }, { "id": "colchicine-alkaloid", "type": "compound", "label": "Colchicine (alkaloid)", "aliases": [], "classification": "alkaloid (from Colchicum autumnale)", "summary": "The anti-inflammatory alkaloid of the autumn crocus, used for gout since antiquity.", "mechanism": "Binds tubulin, blocking microtubule polymerization → inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis and the NLRP3 inflammasome (IL-1β).", "targets": [ "tubulin", "NLRP3 inflammasome", "IL-1β" ] }, { "id": "crocin", "type": "compound", "label": "Crocin", "aliases": [ "crocetin (related)", "safranal (aroma constituent)" ], "classification": "carotenoid glycoside", "summary": "A carotenoid pigment from saffron studied for mood, alongside the aroma compound safranal.", "mechanism": "Thought to modulate serotonin (reuptake inhibition) with additional antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.", "targets": [ "serotonin reuptake", "oxidative stress" ] }, { "id": "curcuminoids", "type": "compound", "label": "Curcuminoids", "aliases": [], "classification": "polyphenol (curcuminoid)", "summary": "The yellow pigments of turmeric, chiefly curcumin, studied for anti-inflammatory effects.", "mechanism": "Inhibit NF-κB and downstream inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) and the COX-2 / 5-LOX pathways.", "targets": [ "NF-κB", "COX-2", "5-LOX", "TNF-α", "IL-1β" ] }, { "id": "dietary-nitrate", "type": "compound", "label": "Dietary nitrate", "aliases": [], "classification": "inorganic nitrate", "summary": "The nitrate in beetroot and leafy greens, a precursor to nitric oxide.", "mechanism": "Converted (via the enterosalivary pathway) to nitrite then nitric oxide → vasodilation.", "targets": [ "nitric oxide" ] }, { "id": "ellagic-acid", "type": "compound", "label": "Ellagic acid", "aliases": [], "classification": "polyphenol", "summary": "A polyphenol found in berries and pomegranate.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "epigallocatechin-gallate", "type": "compound", "label": "Epigallocatechin gallate", "aliases": [ "EGCG" ], "classification": "catechin (flavan-3-ol)", "summary": "The main catechin of green tea.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "eucalyptol", "type": "compound", "label": "Eucalyptol", "aliases": [ "cineole", "1,8-cineole" ], "classification": "monoterpenoid ether", "summary": "The main component of eucalyptus oil.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "eugenol", "type": "compound", "label": "Eugenol", "aliases": [], "classification": "phenylpropanoid", "summary": "The aromatic compound of clove oil.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "genistein", "type": "compound", "label": "Genistein", "aliases": [], "classification": "isoflavone", "summary": "A soy isoflavone with weak estrogen-like activity.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "ferulic-acid", "type": "compound", "label": "Ferulic acid", "aliases": [], "classification": "hydroxycinnamic acid", "summary": "A plant cell-wall antioxidant phenolic.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "gingerols", "type": "compound", "label": "Gingerols & shogaols", "aliases": [], "classification": "phenolic compounds", "summary": "The pungent phenolics of ginger root.", "mechanism": "Inhibit COX and LOX pathways and pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "targets": [ "COX", "LOX" ] }, { "id": "glycyrrhizin", "type": "compound", "label": "Glycyrrhizin", "aliases": [ "glycyrrhizic acid" ], "classification": "triterpenoid saponin", "summary": "The sweet saponin of licorice root.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "harpagoside", "type": "compound", "label": "Harpagoside", "aliases": [], "classification": "iridoid glycoside", "summary": "The marker anti-inflammatory constituent of devil's claw.", "mechanism": "Proposed inhibition of inflammatory mediators including COX, LOX and NF-κB.", "targets": [ "COX", "LOX", "NF-κB" ] }, { "id": "hesperidin", "type": "compound", "label": "Hesperidin", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavanone glycoside", "summary": "A citrus-peel flavonoid.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "hyperforin", "type": "compound", "label": "Hyperforin", "aliases": [ "hypericin (related constituent)" ], "classification": "phloroglucinol derivative", "summary": "The main mood-active constituent of St John's wort — and the reason it interacts with so many drugs.", "mechanism": "Inhibits reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate; also potently induces the drug-metabolising enzyme CYP3A4 via the pregnane X receptor, which is what depletes many co-taken medicines.", "targets": [ "monoamine reuptake", "pregnane X receptor", "CYP3A4" ] }, { "id": "hypericin", "type": "compound", "label": "Hypericin", "aliases": [], "classification": "naphthodianthrone", "summary": "A red pigment of St John’s wort.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "kavalactones", "type": "compound", "label": "Kavalactones", "aliases": [ "kavapyrones", "kavain" ], "classification": "styryl lactones (kavapyrones)", "summary": "The active lactones in kava that produce its calming effect — and are implicated in its liver risk.", "mechanism": "Lipophilic lactones (e.g. kavain) that modulate GABA-A receptors and inhibit voltage-gated sodium/calcium channels, producing anxiolytic and sedative effects.", "targets": [ "GABA-A receptor", "voltage-gated ion channels" ] }, { "id": "kaempferol", "type": "compound", "label": "Kaempferol", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavonol", "summary": "A flavonol found across many edible plants.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "linalool", "type": "compound", "label": "Linalool", "aliases": [], "classification": "monoterpene alcohol", "summary": "A calming aroma compound of lavender (with linalyl acetate).", "mechanism": "Modulates presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels; serotonergic effects.", "targets": [ "calcium channels", "serotonin" ] }, { "id": "lutein", "type": "compound", "label": "Lutein", "aliases": [], "classification": "xanthophyll carotenoid", "summary": "A carotenoid pigment concentrated in the macula of the eye.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "luteolin", "type": "compound", "label": "Luteolin", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavone", "summary": "A flavone found in many culinary herbs.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "lycopene", "type": "compound", "label": "Lycopene", "aliases": [], "classification": "carotenoid", "summary": "The red carotenoid pigment of tomatoes.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "menthol", "type": "compound", "label": "Menthol", "aliases": [], "classification": "monoterpene alcohol", "summary": "The cooling compound of mint, used in topical analgesics.", "mechanism": "A TRPM8 (cold-receptor) agonist producing cooling, counter-irritant analgesia.", "targets": [ "TRPM8" ] }, { "id": "monacolin-k", "type": "compound", "label": "Monacolin K", "aliases": [], "classification": "statin (naturally occurring)", "summary": "The active compound in red yeast rice — chemically identical to the drug lovastatin.", "mechanism": "Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis.", "targets": [ "HMG-CoA reductase" ] }, { "id": "naringenin", "type": "compound", "label": "Naringenin", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavanone", "summary": "A citrus flavanone (notably grapefruit).", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "omega-3", "type": "compound", "label": "Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA/DHA)", "aliases": [], "classification": "long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids", "summary": "Marine fatty acids that shift the body toward less-inflammatory signaling.", "mechanism": "Shift eicosanoid synthesis toward less-inflammatory mediators and serve as precursors of pro-resolving resolvins and protectins.", "targets": [ "eicosanoids", "resolvins", "pro-inflammatory cytokines" ] }, { "id": "parthenolide", "type": "compound", "label": "Parthenolide", "aliases": [], "classification": "sesquiterpene lactone", "summary": "The principal active compound of feverfew.", "mechanism": "Inhibits platelet serotonin release and NF-κB / pro-inflammatory signalling.", "targets": [ "serotonin release", "NF-κB" ] }, { "id": "petasin", "type": "compound", "label": "Petasin", "aliases": [], "classification": "sesquiterpene", "summary": "An active constituent of butterbur (with isopetasin).", "mechanism": "Calcium-channel blockade and inhibition of leukotriene synthesis.", "targets": [ "calcium channels", "leukotrienes" ] }, { "id": "piperine", "type": "compound", "label": "Piperine", "aliases": [], "classification": "alkaloid", "summary": "The pungent alkaloid of black pepper, studied for boosting absorption of other compounds.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "proanthocyanidins", "type": "compound", "label": "Proanthocyanidins (PACs)", "aliases": [ "PACs", "A-type proanthocyanidins" ], "classification": "condensed tannins (flavan-3-ol polymers)", "summary": "The cranberry compounds thought to stop bacteria sticking to the bladder wall.", "mechanism": "A-type proanthocyanidins inhibit the adherence of p-fimbriated E. coli to the cells lining the urinary tract, reducing colonisation.", "targets": [ "bacterial adhesion (p-fimbriae)" ] }, { "id": "quercetin", "type": "compound", "label": "Quercetin", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavonol (polyphenol)", "summary": "A flavonol antioxidant abundant in onions, apples, and tea.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "resveratrol", "type": "compound", "label": "Resveratrol", "aliases": [], "classification": "stilbenoid polyphenol", "summary": "A polyphenol from grapes and red wine studied for metabolic and cardiovascular effects.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "rosmarinic-acid", "type": "compound", "label": "Rosmarinic acid", "aliases": [], "classification": "polyphenol (caffeic acid ester)", "summary": "A calming polyphenol found in lemon balm and other mints.", "mechanism": "Thought to raise GABA tone (by inhibiting GABA transaminase) and provide antioxidant activity, contributing to a calming effect.", "targets": [ "GABA transaminase", "oxidative stress" ] }, { "id": "rutin", "type": "compound", "label": "Rutin", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavonol glycoside", "summary": "A glycoside of quercetin found in buckwheat and citrus.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "salicin", "type": "compound", "label": "Salicin", "aliases": [], "classification": "salicylate glycoside", "summary": "The willow-bark compound metabolized to salicylic acid — the lead behind aspirin.", "mechanism": "Converted to salicylic acid, which inhibits COX and reduces prostaglandins.", "targets": [ "COX", "prostaglandins" ] }, { "id": "sennosides", "type": "compound", "label": "Sennosides", "aliases": [], "classification": "anthraquinone glycosides", "summary": "The stimulant laxative compounds of senna.", "mechanism": "Stimulate colonic motility and fluid secretion.", "targets": [ "colonic motility" ] }, { "id": "silymarin", "type": "compound", "label": "Silymarin", "aliases": [], "classification": "flavonolignan complex", "summary": "The active extract of milk thistle seeds (incl. silybin).", "mechanism": "Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic actions in the liver.", "targets": [ "hepatic oxidative stress" ] }, { "id": "soluble-fiber", "type": "compound", "label": "Soluble fiber", "aliases": [], "classification": "viscous dietary fiber", "summary": "Gel-forming fiber such as psyllium and oat beta-glucan.", "mechanism": "Forms a viscous gel that binds bile acids (lowering LDL) and normalizes stool transit.", "targets": [ "bile acids", "gut transit" ] }, { "id": "sulforaphane", "type": "compound", "label": "Sulforaphane", "aliases": [], "classification": "isothiocyanate", "summary": "An isothiocyanate from broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "theaflavin", "type": "compound", "label": "Theaflavin", "aliases": [], "classification": "polyphenol", "summary": "A polyphenol formed when black tea is oxidized.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "thymol", "type": "compound", "label": "Thymol", "aliases": [], "classification": "monoterpene phenol", "summary": "An antiseptic aromatic compound from thyme.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "valerenic-acid", "type": "compound", "label": "Valerenic acid", "aliases": [], "classification": "sesquiterpenoid", "summary": "A sedative constituent of valerian root.", "mechanism": null, "targets": [] }, { "id": "withanolides", "type": "compound", "label": "Withanolides", "aliases": [], "classification": "steroidal lactones", "summary": "The active steroidal lactones of ashwagandha (incl. withaferin A).", "mechanism": "GABAergic modulation and downregulation of the HPA stress axis (cortisol).", "targets": [ "GABA", "HPA axis", "cortisol" ] }, { "id": "acetaminophen", "type": "remedy", "label": "Acetaminophen", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An analgesic and antipyretic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "acyclovir", "type": "remedy", "label": "Acyclovir", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An antiviral.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "albuterol", "type": "remedy", "label": "Albuterol", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A short-acting beta-2 agonist bronchodilator.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "alendronate", "type": "remedy", "label": "Alendronate", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [ "Binosto" ], "summary": "A bisphosphonate.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "alginate", "type": "remedy", "label": "Alginate", "kind": "chemical", "aliases": [ "alginic acid", "raft antacid" ], "summary": "A seaweed-derived \"raft\" antacid with good evidence for reflux symptoms.", "typicalUse": { "form": "alginate + bicarbonate liquids/tablets", "studiedRange": "after meals and at bedtime" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "allopurinol", "type": "remedy", "label": "Allopurinol", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A xanthine oxidase inhibitor (urate-lowering drug).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "aloe-vera", "type": "remedy", "label": "Aloe vera (topical)", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Aloe barbadensis", "aloe gel" ], "summary": "The leaf gel has trial support for speeding the healing of minor burns.", "typicalUse": { "form": "topical aloe gel", "studiedRange": "applied to the burn in trials (vs dressings such as silver sulfadiazine)" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "type": "remedy", "label": "Alpha-lipoic acid", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "ALA", "thioctic acid", "lipoic acid" ], "summary": "An antioxidant supplement with trial support for easing diabetic nerve symptoms.", "typicalUse": { "form": "oral capsules (or IV in trials)", "studiedRange": "600 mg/day; IV 600 mg/day for ~3 weeks in the strongest trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "alprazolam", "type": "remedy", "label": "Alprazolam", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A benzodiazepine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "amitriptyline", "type": "remedy", "label": "Amitriptyline", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A tricyclic antidepressant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "amlodipine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Amlodipine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A calcium channel blocker.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "amoxicillin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Amoxicillin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A penicillin-class antibiotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "apixaban", "type": "remedy", "label": "Apixaban", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A direct factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "andrographis", "type": "remedy", "label": "Andrographis", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Andrographis paniculata", "Chuan Xin Lian", "king of bitters" ], "summary": "A bitter herb with reasonable trial support for easing common-cold symptoms.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized extract (andrographolides)", "studiedRange": "varied; trials commonly used standardized extracts over ~3–7 days" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "asian-ginseng", "type": "remedy", "label": "Asian ginseng", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Panax ginseng", "Korean ginseng", "red ginseng" ], "summary": "A classic tonic root whose memory and fatigue benefits are small and inconsistent in trials.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized root extract (ginsenosides)", "studiedRange": "~200–3,000 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "aspirin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Aspirin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A salicylate NSAID and antiplatelet drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "ashwagandha", "type": "remedy", "label": "Ashwagandha", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Withania somnifera", "Indian ginseng" ], "summary": "An Ayurvedic adaptogen with reasonable evidence for stress and anxiety.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized root extract (e.g. KSM-66)", "studiedRange": "~300–600 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "astragalus", "type": "remedy", "label": "Astragalus", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Astragalus propinquus" ], "summary": "A root used in traditional Chinese medicine as a tonic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "atenolol", "type": "remedy", "label": "Atenolol", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A beta blocker.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "atorvastatin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Atorvastatin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "azithromycin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Azithromycin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A macrolide antibiotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "beetroot", "type": "remedy", "label": "Beetroot juice", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "beet juice", "dietary nitrate" ], "summary": "A nitrate-rich juice that supports nitric-oxide-driven vasodilation.", "typicalUse": { "form": "beetroot juice or concentrate", "studiedRange": "~70–250 mL/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "bacopa", "type": "remedy", "label": "Bacopa monnieri", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "brahmi", "water hyssop" ], "summary": "An Ayurvedic herb with a modest, real signal for memory and attention speed.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized Bacopa monnieri extract", "studiedRange": "~300 mg/day for ~12 weeks in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "berberine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Berberine", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "berberine HCl" ], "summary": "A plant alkaloid that modestly lowers blood sugar and LDL cholesterol.", "typicalUse": { "form": "berberine HCl capsules", "studiedRange": "~500 mg two to three times daily in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "beta-sitosterol", "type": "remedy", "label": "Beta-sitosterol", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "phytosterols", "plant sterols (beta-sitosterol)" ], "summary": "A plant sterol with short-term evidence for benign prostate symptoms.", "typicalUse": { "form": "beta-sitosterol capsules", "studiedRange": "~60–130 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "bisoprolol", "type": "remedy", "label": "Bisoprolol", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A beta blocker.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "black-cohosh", "type": "remedy", "label": "Black cohosh", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Actaea racemosa", "Cimicifuga racemosa" ], "summary": "A popular menopause herb that has not beaten placebo for hot flashes in the best trials.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized rhizome extract", "studiedRange": "~40 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "black-pepper", "type": "remedy", "label": "Black pepper", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Piper nigrum" ], "summary": "The common spice, whose piperine can enhance absorption of other compounds.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "boswellia", "type": "remedy", "label": "Boswellia serrata", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Indian frankincense", "Shallaki" ], "summary": "A resin extract whose boswellic acids inhibit an inflammatory pathway distinct from NSAIDs.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized extract (often ≥30% boswellic acids or AKBA-enriched)", "studiedRange": "~100–250 mg/day for at least 4 weeks in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "bupropion", "type": "remedy", "label": "Bupropion", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An atypical antidepressant (NDRI).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "butterbur", "type": "remedy", "label": "Butterbur", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Petasites hybridus" ], "summary": "An effective migraine preventive whose raw form is liver-toxic — only PA-free extracts should ever be used.", "typicalUse": { "form": "certified PA-free (pyrrolizidine-alkaloid-free) extract", "studiedRange": "75 mg twice daily in the pivotal trial" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "calcium", "type": "remedy", "label": "Calcium", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "calcium carbonate", "calcium citrate" ], "summary": "The main bone mineral — most useful for fractures alongside vitamin D in older or deficient people.", "typicalUse": { "form": "calcium carbonate or citrate (with vitamin D)", "studiedRange": "~1,000–1,200 mg/day total intake in trials", "notes": "Total intake from diet plus supplements is generally kept under ~2,000–2,500 mg/day." }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "candesartan", "type": "remedy", "label": "Candesartan", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "capsaicin-cream", "type": "remedy", "label": "Capsaicin (topical)", "kind": "chemical", "aliases": [ "cayenne extract", "capsicum" ], "summary": "A chili-pepper extract rubbed on the skin to dull localized pain.", "typicalUse": { "form": "0.025–0.075% cream (OTC); an 8% patch is clinic-applied", "studiedRange": "applied to the area 3–4×/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "cat-s-claw", "type": "remedy", "label": "Cat's claw", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Uncaria tomentosa" ], "summary": "An Amazonian vine bark traditionally used for inflammation.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "celecoxib", "type": "remedy", "label": "Celecoxib", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "carvedilol", "type": "remedy", "label": "Carvedilol", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A beta blocker.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "cephalexin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Cephalexin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A cephalosporin antibiotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "cetirizine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Cetirizine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A second-generation (non-sedating) antihistamine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "chamomile", "type": "remedy", "label": "Chamomile", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Matricaria recutita" ], "summary": "A traditional calming herb with limited anxiety evidence.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized extract or tea", "studiedRange": "up to ~1,500 mg/day extract in the trial" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "chasteberry", "type": "remedy", "label": "Chasteberry", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Vitex agnus-castus", "vitex", "chaste tree" ], "summary": "A herb with reasonably consistent trial support for premenstrual syndrome.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized fruit (berry) extract", "studiedRange": "~20–40 mg/day extract in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "chinese-skullcap", "type": "remedy", "label": "Chinese skullcap", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Scutellaria baicalensis" ], "summary": "A root used in traditional Chinese medicine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "chondroitin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Chondroitin sulfate", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "chondroitin" ], "summary": "A cartilage component often paired with glucosamine, with a small short-term effect on OA pain.", "typicalUse": { "form": "chondroitin sulfate, often combined with glucosamine", "studiedRange": "800–1,200 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "chromium", "type": "remedy", "label": "Chromium", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "chromium picolinate", "trivalent chromium" ], "summary": "A trace mineral marketed for blood sugar — with mixed, inconsistent trial results.", "typicalUse": { "form": "chromium picolinate capsules", "studiedRange": "~200–1000 mcg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "cinnamon", "type": "remedy", "label": "Cinnamon", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Cinnamomum cassia", "Ceylon cinnamon", "Cinnamomum verum", "cassia" ], "summary": "A common spice studied for blood sugar — with a modest, inconsistent effect at best.", "typicalUse": { "form": "cinnamon powder or extract capsules", "studiedRange": "~1–6 g/day in trials, for 4–16 weeks" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "ciprofloxacin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Ciprofloxacin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A fluoroquinolone antibiotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "citalopram", "type": "remedy", "label": "Citalopram", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "clarithromycin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Clarithromycin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A macrolide antibiotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "clove", "type": "remedy", "label": "Clove", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Syzygium aromaticum" ], "summary": "The dried flower buds of the clove tree, traditionally used for toothache.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "clopidogrel", "type": "remedy", "label": "Clopidogrel", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An antiplatelet drug (P2Y12 inhibitor).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "codeine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Codeine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An opioid analgesic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "colchicine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Colchicine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [ "Colcrys", "colchicum" ], "summary": "A prescription anti-inflammatory derived from autumn crocus — first-line for acute gout flares.", "typicalUse": { "form": "prescription tablets", "studiedRange": "1.2 mg then 0.6 mg one hour later for a flare (low-dose regimen)" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "collagen-peptides", "type": "remedy", "label": "Collagen peptides", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "hydrolyzed collagen", "gelatin hydrolysate" ], "summary": "A protein supplement with moderate recent evidence for knee OA symptoms.", "typicalUse": { "form": "hydrolyzed collagen powder", "studiedRange": "~10 g/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "comfrey", "type": "remedy", "label": "Comfrey (topical)", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Symphytum officinale", "knitbone" ], "summary": "A traditional \"knitbone\" applied to the skin for back pain and sprains — for topical use only.", "typicalUse": { "form": "PA-free / PA-depleted topical ointment", "studiedRange": "applied to the area 2–3×/day for up to ~3 weeks in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "cranberry", "type": "remedy", "label": "Cranberry", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "Vaccinium macrocarpon", "cranberry juice", "cranberry extract" ], "summary": "Cranberry products modestly cut the risk of recurrent UTIs in women.", "typicalUse": { "form": "cranberry juice, capsules, or tablets (standardized to proanthocyanidins)", "studiedRange": "varied across trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "creatine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Creatine", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "creatine monohydrate" ], "summary": "One of the best-evidenced supplements — for building muscle and strength when paired with resistance training.", "typicalUse": { "form": "creatine monohydrate powder", "studiedRange": "~3–5 g/day in trials (alongside resistance training)" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "coq10", "type": "remedy", "label": "Coenzyme Q10", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "CoQ10", "ubiquinone", "ubiquinol" ], "summary": "A mitochondrial antioxidant with moderate evidence for migraine prevention.", "typicalUse": { "form": "ubiquinone / ubiquinol softgels", "studiedRange": "300 mg/day (often split) in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "d-mannose", "type": "remedy", "label": "D-mannose", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "mannose" ], "summary": "A popular sugar supplement for UTI prevention that failed its largest, most rigorous trial.", "typicalUse": { "form": "D-mannose powder or capsules", "studiedRange": "2 g/day for 6 months in the MERIT trial" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "dabigatran", "type": "remedy", "label": "Dabigatran", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A direct thrombin inhibitor anticoagulant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "dandelion", "type": "remedy", "label": "Dandelion", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Taraxacum officinale" ], "summary": "A common plant whose leaf and root are used traditionally as a diuretic and digestive.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "dapagliflozin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Dapagliflozin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [ "Farxiga" ], "summary": "A SGLT2 inhibitor antidiabetic drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "devils-claw", "type": "remedy", "label": "Devil's claw", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Harpagophytum procumbens" ], "summary": "A southern-African root with short-term evidence for low back pain.", "typicalUse": { "form": "extract standardized to harpagoside", "studiedRange": "50–100 mg harpagoside/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "dgl-licorice", "type": "remedy", "label": "DGL (deglycyrrhizinated licorice)", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "DGL", "licorice" ], "summary": "A licorice extract with the BP-raising compound removed, used for reflux.", "typicalUse": { "form": "deglycyrrhizinated (DGL) chewable tablets", "studiedRange": "tablets before meals in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "diazepam", "type": "remedy", "label": "Diazepam", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A benzodiazepine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "diphenhydramine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Diphenhydramine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A first-generation (sedating) antihistamine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "doxycycline", "type": "remedy", "label": "Doxycycline", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A tetracycline antibiotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "duloxetine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Duloxetine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "echinacea", "type": "remedy", "label": "Echinacea", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Echinacea purpurea", "coneflower" ], "summary": "A popular cold remedy whose evidence is weak and inconsistent.", "typicalUse": { "form": "varies widely by species and preparation", "studiedRange": "inconsistent across trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "diltiazem", "type": "remedy", "label": "Diltiazem", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A calcium channel blocker.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "elderberry", "type": "remedy", "label": "Elderberry", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Sambucus nigra", "black elderberry", "sambucus" ], "summary": "A popular cold/flu remedy with small, mixed trial support — and raw berries that are toxic uncooked.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized elderberry extract, syrup, or lozenges", "studiedRange": "varied across trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "empagliflozin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Empagliflozin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [ "Synjardy" ], "summary": "A SGLT2 inhibitor antidiabetic drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "enalapril", "type": "remedy", "label": "Enalapril", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An ACE inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "escitalopram", "type": "remedy", "label": "Escitalopram", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "esomeprazole", "type": "remedy", "label": "Esomeprazole", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A proton pump inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "eucalyptus", "type": "remedy", "label": "Eucalyptus", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Eucalyptus globulus" ], "summary": "A tree whose leaf oil is traditionally inhaled for congestion.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "famotidine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Famotidine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A histamine H2-receptor antagonist.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "fennel", "type": "remedy", "label": "Fennel", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Foeniculum vulgare" ], "summary": "An anise-flavoured culinary herb traditionally used for digestion.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "fenugreek", "type": "remedy", "label": "Fenugreek", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Trigonella foenum-graecum" ], "summary": "A culinary seed with moderate evidence for lowering blood sugar in type 2 diabetes.", "typicalUse": { "form": "powdered seed or seed extract", "studiedRange": "~5–10 g/day seed powder (or galactomannan extract) for 8–16 weeks in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "feverfew", "type": "remedy", "label": "Feverfew", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Tanacetum parthenium" ], "summary": "A traditional European headache herb with limited, mixed modern evidence for migraine prevention.", "typicalUse": { "form": "stable standardized extract (parthenolide-standardized)", "studiedRange": "around 50–150 mg/day of extract in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "fexofenadine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Fexofenadine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A second-generation (non-sedating) antihistamine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "fish-oil", "type": "remedy", "label": "Fish oil (omega-3)", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "EPA/DHA", "cod liver oil", "omega-3" ], "summary": "Marine omega-3 fatty acids with modest, well-studied anti-inflammatory effects in rheumatoid arthritis.", "typicalUse": { "form": "EPA/DHA from fish oil", "studiedRange": "~2.7 g/day combined EPA+DHA in RA trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "fluconazole", "type": "remedy", "label": "Fluconazole", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An azole antifungal.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "fluoxetine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Fluoxetine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "furosemide", "type": "remedy", "label": "Furosemide", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A loop diuretic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "gabapentin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Gabapentin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A gabapentinoid anticonvulsant and nerve-pain drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "garlic", "type": "remedy", "label": "Garlic", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Allium sativum" ], "summary": "A kitchen bulb with modest blood-pressure-lowering evidence.", "typicalUse": { "form": "aged garlic extract or standardized garlic powder", "studiedRange": "~600–1,200 mg/day of extract in trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "ginger", "type": "remedy", "label": "Ginger", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Zingiber officinale" ], "summary": "A common kitchen root with good evidence for nausea and modest evidence for osteoarthritis pain.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized ginger extract or powder", "studiedRange": "500–1,000 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "ginkgo", "type": "remedy", "label": "Ginkgo biloba", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "EGb 761", "maidenhair tree" ], "summary": "A popular memory supplement that large, rigorous trials have not shown to work — and that raises bleeding risk.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized leaf extract (EGb 761)", "studiedRange": "120–240 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "gliclazide", "type": "remedy", "label": "Gliclazide", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "glimepiride", "type": "remedy", "label": "Glimepiride", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "glipizide", "type": "remedy", "label": "Glipizide", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "glucosamine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Glucosamine sulfate", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "glucosamine" ], "summary": "A cartilage building-block supplement whose benefit appears to depend heavily on the exact preparation.", "typicalUse": { "form": "crystalline glucosamine sulfate (the studied preparation)", "studiedRange": "1,500 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "green-tea", "type": "remedy", "label": "Green tea", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Camellia sinensis", "green tea catechins", "EGCG" ], "summary": "The leaves of Camellia sinensis — catechin-rich, with a small but consistent cholesterol-lowering effect.", "typicalUse": { "form": "brewed green tea or standardized catechin extract", "studiedRange": "~145–2,500 mg/day catechins in trials", "notes": "The cholesterol effect is small; benefits come from the catechins, not just the caffeine." }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "glycine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Glycine", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "glycine amino acid" ], "summary": "An amino acid that may modestly improve sleep when taken before bed.", "typicalUse": { "form": "glycine powder or capsules", "studiedRange": "3 g before bedtime in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "gotu-kola", "type": "remedy", "label": "Gotu kola", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Centella asiatica" ], "summary": "A traditional herb with moderate evidence for improving leg-vein symptoms.", "typicalUse": { "form": "total triterpenic fraction / standardized extract", "studiedRange": "~60–120 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "hibiscus", "type": "remedy", "label": "Hibiscus tea", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Hibiscus sabdariffa", "sour tea", "roselle" ], "summary": "A tart herbal tea with consistent modest BP-lowering data.", "typicalUse": { "form": "brewed tea (dried calyces)", "studiedRange": "~1–3 cups/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "hmb", "type": "remedy", "label": "HMB", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate", "β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate" ], "summary": "A leucine metabolite that modestly preserves muscle — but adds little once you exercise.", "typicalUse": { "form": "HMB capsules or powder", "studiedRange": "~3 g/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "holy-basil", "type": "remedy", "label": "Holy basil", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Ocimum tenuiflorum", "Ocimum sanctum", "tulsi" ], "summary": "An Ayurvedic adaptogen (tulsi) with modest evidence for stress and for blood sugar.", "typicalUse": { "form": "leaf powder or standardized extract", "studiedRange": "~250–500 mg/day extract (or leaf) in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "honey", "type": "remedy", "label": "Honey", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "raw honey" ], "summary": "A simple, well-evidenced soother for children’s cough.", "typicalUse": { "form": "a spoonful at bedtime (for children over 1 year)", "studiedRange": "~2.5–10 mL before bed in trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "horse-chestnut", "type": "remedy", "label": "Horse chestnut", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Aesculus hippocastanum", "escin", "aescin" ], "summary": "A seed extract with solid short-term evidence for leg-vein swelling and aching.", "typicalUse": { "form": "seed extract standardized to escin", "studiedRange": "~2–16 weeks in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "hydrochlorothiazide", "type": "remedy", "label": "Hydrochlorothiazide", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A thiazide diuretic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "ibuprofen", "type": "remedy", "label": "Ibuprofen", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "hydrocortisone", "type": "remedy", "label": "Hydrocortisone", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A corticosteroid.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "irbesartan", "type": "remedy", "label": "Irbesartan", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "indapamide", "type": "remedy", "label": "Indapamide", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A thiazide-like diuretic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "iron", "type": "remedy", "label": "Iron", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "ferrous sulfate", "ferrous fumarate", "iron supplement" ], "summary": "An essential mineral that improves restless legs — especially when iron stores are low.", "typicalUse": { "form": "oral ferrous salts (or IV iron in clinics)", "studiedRange": "varied; dosed against measured ferritin/transferrin saturation" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "kava", "type": "remedy", "label": "Kava", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Piper methysticum", "kava kava" ], "summary": "A genuinely anxiolytic herb whose use is overshadowed by a real risk of severe liver injury.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized kavalactone extract", "studiedRange": "~70–250 mg kavalactones/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "l-theanine", "type": "remedy", "label": "L-theanine", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "theanine" ], "summary": "A green-tea amino acid studied for stress.", "typicalUse": { "form": "capsules", "studiedRange": "~200 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "lansoprazole", "type": "remedy", "label": "Lansoprazole", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A proton pump inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "lavender", "type": "remedy", "label": "Lavender oil", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Lavandula angustifolia", "Silexan" ], "summary": "A standardized oral lavender oil with good anxiety evidence.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized oral capsules (Silexan)", "studiedRange": "80 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "lemon-balm", "type": "remedy", "label": "Lemon balm", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Melissa officinalis" ], "summary": "A calming mint-family herb with modest trial support for anxiety.", "typicalUse": { "form": "lemon balm leaf extract", "studiedRange": "~300–700 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "levothyroxine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Levothyroxine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A thyroid hormone replacement.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "lisinopril", "type": "remedy", "label": "Lisinopril", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An ACE inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "licorice", "type": "remedy", "label": "Licorice", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Glycyrrhiza glabra" ], "summary": "The sweet root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, long used in herbal medicine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "loratadine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Loratadine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A second-generation (non-sedating) antihistamine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "lorazepam", "type": "remedy", "label": "Lorazepam", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A benzodiazepine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "losartan", "type": "remedy", "label": "Losartan", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "lutein-zeaxanthin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Lutein + zeaxanthin", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "macular carotenoids" ], "summary": "The macular carotenoids — the evidence-based, safer carotenoid in the AREDS2 eye formula.", "typicalUse": { "form": "lutein/zeaxanthin softgels (within an AREDS2 formula)", "studiedRange": "lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg/day in AREDS2" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "lysine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Lysine", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "L-lysine" ], "summary": "An amino acid taken for cold sores — with conflicting trial evidence.", "typicalUse": { "form": "L-lysine capsules", "studiedRange": "~1,000 mg/day or more in the trials that found benefit" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "maca", "type": "remedy", "label": "Maca", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Lepidium meyenii" ], "summary": "An Andean root vegetable used as a traditional tonic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "magnesium", "type": "remedy", "label": "Magnesium", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "Mg" ], "summary": "An essential mineral widely recommended for cramps — though the best evidence is unconvincing.", "typicalUse": { "form": "oral magnesium (citrate, oxide, glycinate, etc.)", "studiedRange": "~300 mg/day in cramp trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "marshmallow-root", "type": "remedy", "label": "Marshmallow root", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Althaea officinalis" ], "summary": "A mucilage-rich root traditionally used to soothe throat and gut.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "metformin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Metformin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [ "Zituvimet" ], "summary": "A biguanide antidiabetic drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "melatonin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Melatonin", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine" ], "summary": "The sleep-timing hormone, sold as a supplement for insomnia.", "typicalUse": { "form": "immediate- or extended-release tablets", "studiedRange": "~0.5–5 mg before bed in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "menthol-cream", "type": "remedy", "label": "Menthol (topical)", "kind": "chemical", "aliases": [ "peppermint topical" ], "summary": "A cooling counter-irritant in many OTC muscle rubs.", "typicalUse": { "form": "topical gel, cream or rub", "studiedRange": "applied to the area in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "metoprolol", "type": "remedy", "label": "Metoprolol", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A beta blocker.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "metronidazole", "type": "remedy", "label": "Metronidazole", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A nitroimidazole antibiotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "milk-thistle", "type": "remedy", "label": "Milk thistle", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Silybum marianum", "silymarin" ], "summary": "A traditional liver herb with modest, uncertain modern evidence.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized silymarin extract", "studiedRange": "up to ~700 mg three times daily in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "mirtazapine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Mirtazapine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An atypical antidepressant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "montelukast", "type": "remedy", "label": "Montelukast", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A leukotriene receptor antagonist.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "morphine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Morphine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An opioid analgesic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "naproxen", "type": "remedy", "label": "Naproxen", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "niacinamide", "type": "remedy", "label": "Niacinamide (topical)", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "nicotinamide", "vitamin B3 amide" ], "summary": "A form of vitamin B3 that, applied as a gel, performs comparably to a topical antibiotic for inflammatory acne.", "typicalUse": { "form": "4% topical gel", "studiedRange": "applied twice daily for ~8 weeks in trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "nitrofurantoin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Nitrofurantoin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An urinary antibiotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "nifedipine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Nifedipine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A calcium channel blocker.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "omeprazole", "type": "remedy", "label": "Omeprazole", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A proton pump inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "ondansetron", "type": "remedy", "label": "Ondansetron", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "oregano", "type": "remedy", "label": "Oregano", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Origanum vulgare" ], "summary": "A pungent culinary and medicinal mint-family herb.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "oxycodone", "type": "remedy", "label": "Oxycodone", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An opioid analgesic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "oseltamivir", "type": "remedy", "label": "Oseltamivir", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An antiviral (neuraminidase inhibitor).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "pantoprazole", "type": "remedy", "label": "Pantoprazole", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A proton pump inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "paroxetine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Paroxetine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "peppermint-oil", "type": "remedy", "label": "Peppermint oil (topical)", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Mentha piperita oil", "Oleum menthae piperitae" ], "summary": "A topical menthol-rich oil with good evidence for acute tension-headache relief.", "typicalUse": { "form": "10% peppermint oil in ethanol, applied to forehead/temples", "studiedRange": "applied at headache onset and repeated in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "passionflower", "type": "remedy", "label": "Passionflower", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Passiflora incarnata" ], "summary": "A calming plant with small-trial support for anxiety and, more weakly, sleep.", "typicalUse": { "form": "extract, tincture, or tea", "studiedRange": "extracts up to ~8 weeks; tea up to ~1 week in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "peppermint-capsule", "type": "remedy", "label": "Peppermint oil (enteric-coated)", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Mentha piperita capsule" ], "summary": "Enteric-coated peppermint oil — among the best-evidenced IBS remedies.", "typicalUse": { "form": "enteric-coated capsules (so it reaches the gut, not the stomach)", "studiedRange": "~180–225 mg three times daily in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "perindopril", "type": "remedy", "label": "Perindopril", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An ACE inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "pioglitazone", "type": "remedy", "label": "Pioglitazone", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A thiazolidinedione antidiabetic drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "plant-sterols", "type": "remedy", "label": "Plant sterols & stanols", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "phytosterols", "stanols" ], "summary": "Plant compounds that block cholesterol absorption — among the best-evidenced LDL-lowering supplements.", "typicalUse": { "form": "fortified spreads/drinks or supplements", "studiedRange": "~2 g/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "potassium-citrate", "type": "remedy", "label": "Potassium citrate", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [ "K-citrate" ], "summary": "A prescription alkali salt that prevents recurrent calcium kidney stones.", "typicalUse": { "form": "prescription tablets/crystals", "studiedRange": "dosed to urinary citrate/pH by a clinician" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "pravastatin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Pravastatin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "prednisone", "type": "remedy", "label": "Prednisone", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A corticosteroid.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "probiotics", "type": "remedy", "label": "Probiotics", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "live cultures", "gut bacteria" ], "summary": "Live microorganisms whose benefit in IBS is strain-specific.", "typicalUse": { "form": "specific strains (e.g. B. longum 35624, L. plantarum 299v)", "studiedRange": "daily for at least 4 weeks in trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "psyllium", "type": "remedy", "label": "Psyllium (soluble fiber)", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "ispaghula", "Plantago ovata", "metamucil" ], "summary": "A viscous fiber that lowers cholesterol and normalizes bowel habits.", "typicalUse": { "form": "powder mixed with water", "studiedRange": "~7–10 g/day soluble fiber in trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "pumpkin-seed-oil", "type": "remedy", "label": "Pumpkin seed oil", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "Cucurbita pepo seed oil" ], "summary": "A seed oil with one positive trial for hair loss.", "typicalUse": { "form": "pumpkin seed oil capsules", "studiedRange": "400 mg/day for 24 weeks in the trial" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "propranolol", "type": "remedy", "label": "Propranolol", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A beta blocker.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "pygeum", "type": "remedy", "label": "Pygeum", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Prunus africana", "African plum bark" ], "summary": "An African tree-bark extract with modest evidence for benign prostate symptoms.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized bark extract", "studiedRange": "~100–200 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "rabeprazole", "type": "remedy", "label": "Rabeprazole", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A proton pump inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "ramipril", "type": "remedy", "label": "Ramipril", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An ACE inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "red-clover", "type": "remedy", "label": "Red clover", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Trifolium pratense", "red clover isoflavones" ], "summary": "An isoflavone-rich herb with mixed evidence for hot flashes.", "typicalUse": { "form": "red clover isoflavone extract", "studiedRange": "~40–80 mg/day isoflavones in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "red-yeast-rice", "type": "remedy", "label": "Red yeast rice", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "RYR", "Monascus purpureus" ], "summary": "A fermented rice that lowers LDL because it naturally contains a statin.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized extract (monacolin content varies widely and is often mislabelled)", "studiedRange": "products providing ~3–10 mg monacolin K/day" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "reishi", "type": "remedy", "label": "Reishi", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Ganoderma lingzhi" ], "summary": "A medicinal mushroom used in traditional Chinese medicine.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "rhodiola", "type": "remedy", "label": "Rhodiola", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Rhodiola rosea", "golden root", "arctic root" ], "summary": "An adaptogenic root with modest, low-certainty evidence for mild depression and fatigue.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized extract (rosavins / salidroside)", "studiedRange": "~340–680 mg/day in depression trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "riboflavin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Riboflavin (vitamin B2)", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "vitamin B2", "B2" ], "summary": "A B-vitamin with reasonable evidence for preventing migraines at high doses, and an excellent safety profile.", "typicalUse": { "form": "riboflavin tablets", "studiedRange": "400 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "rivaroxaban", "type": "remedy", "label": "Rivaroxaban", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [ "Xarelto" ], "summary": "A direct factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "rosemary", "type": "remedy", "label": "Rosemary", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Salvia rosmarinus", "Rosmarinus officinalis" ], "summary": "A culinary herb whose oil has one trial matching minoxidil for hair loss.", "typicalUse": { "form": "diluted rosemary essential oil (topical)", "studiedRange": "applied to the scalp twice daily in the trial" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "rosuvastatin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Rosuvastatin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "saffron", "type": "remedy", "label": "Saffron", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Crocus sativus", "saffron extract" ], "summary": "The cooking spice has surprisingly consistent trial support for mild-to-moderate depression.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized saffron extract or stigma", "studiedRange": "~30 mg/day in trials, over 6–8 weeks" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "sam-e", "type": "remedy", "label": "SAM-e", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "S-adenosylmethionine", "SAMe" ], "summary": "A naturally occurring molecule sold as a supplement for joint pain and mood, with inconclusive OA evidence.", "typicalUse": { "form": "enteric-coated tablets", "studiedRange": "600–1,200 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "saw-palmetto", "type": "remedy", "label": "Saw palmetto", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Serenoa repens" ], "summary": "The classic prostate herb — but high-quality trials show it doesn't beat placebo for BPH.", "typicalUse": { "form": "liposterolic berry extract", "studiedRange": "320 mg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "schisandra", "type": "remedy", "label": "Schisandra", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Schisandra chinensis" ], "summary": "A berry used in traditional Chinese medicine as an adaptogen.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "senna", "type": "remedy", "label": "Senna", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Senna alexandrina", "sennosides" ], "summary": "A traditional stimulant laxative with strong evidence.", "typicalUse": { "form": "tablets or tea", "studiedRange": "standardized sennoside doses at bedtime" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "sertraline", "type": "remedy", "label": "Sertraline", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "selenium", "type": "remedy", "label": "Selenium", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "selenomethionine" ], "summary": "A trace mineral that lowers thyroid antibodies, with unproven clinical benefit.", "typicalUse": { "form": "selenomethionine", "studiedRange": "~200 mcg/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "sildenafil", "type": "remedy", "label": "Sildenafil", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A PDE5 inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "simvastatin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Simvastatin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "sitagliptin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Sitagliptin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [ "Zituvimet" ], "summary": "A DPP-4 inhibitor antidiabetic drug.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "soy-isoflavones", "type": "remedy", "label": "Soy isoflavones", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "genistein", "daidzein", "soy phytoestrogens" ], "summary": "Soy-derived phytoestrogens that modestly reduce menopausal hot flashes.", "typicalUse": { "form": "isoflavone extract (genistein/daidzein)", "studiedRange": "~50 mg/day aglycone equivalents in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "spironolactone", "type": "remedy", "label": "Spironolactone", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A potassium-sparing diuretic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "spirulina", "type": "remedy", "label": "Spirulina", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "Arthrospira platensis", "blue-green algae" ], "summary": "An algae supplement with one solid trial for hay-fever symptoms.", "typicalUse": { "form": "spirulina tablets or powder", "studiedRange": "~2,000 mg/day in the main trial" }, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "st-johns-wort", "type": "remedy", "label": "St John's wort", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Hypericum perforatum", "hypericum" ], "summary": "A well-studied herb that rivals antidepressants for mild-to-moderate depression — but interacts with a dangerous number of drugs.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized Hypericum extract (e.g. 0.3% hypericin / 3–5% hyperforin)", "studiedRange": "~300 mg three times daily in trials", "notes": "Effect varies a lot between products because constituent levels are not standardized across brands." }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "stinging-nettle", "type": "remedy", "label": "Stinging nettle", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Urtica dioica", "nettle" ], "summary": "A traditional hay-fever remedy whose main trial could not beat placebo.", "typicalUse": { "form": "nettle leaf/root extract capsules", "studiedRange": "150 mg four times daily in the main trial" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "sumatriptan", "type": "remedy", "label": "Sumatriptan", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A triptan (serotonin 5-HT1 agonist).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "tadalafil", "type": "remedy", "label": "Tadalafil", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A PDE5 inhibitor.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "tea-tree-oil", "type": "remedy", "label": "Tea tree oil (topical)", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "melaleuca oil", "Melaleuca alternifolia" ], "summary": "An essential oil with trial support for mild-to-moderate acne when applied to the skin.", "typicalUse": { "form": "5% topical gel", "studiedRange": "applied twice daily in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "tart-cherry", "type": "remedy", "label": "Tart cherry", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "Montmorency cherry" ], "summary": "A polyphenol-rich juice studied for exercise recovery.", "typicalUse": { "form": "juice or concentrate", "studiedRange": "~250–350 mL juice (or equivalent concentrate) twice daily around exercise in trials" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "telmisartan", "type": "remedy", "label": "Telmisartan", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "terbinafine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Terbinafine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An antifungal.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "thyme", "type": "remedy", "label": "Thyme", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Thymus vulgaris" ], "summary": "An aromatic culinary herb traditionally used for coughs.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "ticagrelor", "type": "remedy", "label": "Ticagrelor", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An antiplatelet drug (P2Y12 inhibitor).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "tramadol", "type": "remedy", "label": "Tramadol", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An opioid analgesic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "trimethoprim", "type": "remedy", "label": "Trimethoprim", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "An antibiotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "turmeric", "type": "remedy", "label": "Turmeric (curcumin extract)", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "curcumin", "Curcuma longa" ], "summary": "A culinary spice whose curcuminoids are among the best-studied natural anti-inflammatories for joint pain.", "typicalUse": { "form": "standardized curcuminoid extract, usually with piperine or a bioavailability enhancer", "studiedRange": "~500–1,000 mg/day of curcuminoids in trials", "notes": "Plain dietary turmeric is poorly absorbed." }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "valerian", "type": "remedy", "label": "Valerian", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Valeriana officinalis" ], "summary": "A traditional sleep herb with weak, mixed modern evidence.", "typicalUse": { "form": "root extract", "studiedRange": "~300–600 mg before bed in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "valsartan", "type": "remedy", "label": "Valsartan", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [ "Entresto" ], "summary": "An angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "verapamil", "type": "remedy", "label": "Verapamil", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A calcium channel blocker.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "vitamin-b6", "type": "remedy", "label": "Vitamin B6", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "pyridoxine", "pyridoxine hydrochloride" ], "summary": "A vitamin that is a guideline-backed first option for pregnancy nausea.", "typicalUse": { "form": "pyridoxine tablets", "studiedRange": "~25 mg every 6–8 hours in pregnancy-nausea trials", "notes": "Sustained very high doses (well above antiemetic dosing) can cause reversible nerve symptoms." }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "venlafaxine", "type": "remedy", "label": "Venlafaxine", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "vitamin-c", "type": "remedy", "label": "Vitamin C", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "ascorbic acid" ], "summary": "Popular for gout, but it does not meaningfully treat an established flare.", "typicalUse": { "form": "ascorbic acid", "studiedRange": "up to ~500–1500 mg/day in studies" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "vitamin-d", "type": "remedy", "label": "Vitamin D", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "cholecalciferol", "D3" ], "summary": "An essential vitamin often blamed for aches — but supplementing it rarely fixes non-specific pain.", "typicalUse": { "form": "D3 (cholecalciferol)", "studiedRange": "trials corrected deficiency to normal serum levels" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "vitamin-e", "type": "remedy", "label": "Vitamin E", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "alpha-tocopherol" ], "summary": "An antioxidant vitamin with evidence in a specific liver condition.", "typicalUse": { "form": "alpha-tocopherol", "studiedRange": "800 IU/day in the pivotal NASH trial" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "vitamin-k2", "type": "remedy", "label": "Vitamin K2", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "menaquinone", "MK-7", "MK-4" ], "summary": "A vitamin needed to activate bone proteins — with mixed evidence for bone density.", "typicalUse": { "form": "MK-7 or MK-4 capsules", "studiedRange": "~45–375 mcg/day (MK-7) up to pharmacologic MK-4 doses in trials" }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "warfarin", "type": "remedy", "label": "Warfarin", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" }, { "id": "whey-protein", "type": "remedy", "label": "Protein supplement (whey)", "kind": "supplement", "aliases": [ "whey protein", "protein powder", "dietary protein supplement" ], "summary": "Supplemental protein that amplifies the muscle gains from resistance training.", "typicalUse": { "form": "whey or other protein powder", "studiedRange": "total intake ~1.0–1.2+ g/kg/day is commonly recommended for older adults" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "willow-bark", "type": "remedy", "label": "White willow bark", "kind": "herb", "aliases": [ "Salix", "salicin" ], "summary": "The botanical origin of aspirin, with moderate-quality evidence for short-term back pain.", "typicalUse": { "form": "extract standardized to salicin", "studiedRange": "120–240 mg salicin/day in trials" }, "pregnancy": "avoid" }, { "id": "water-intake", "type": "remedy", "label": "High fluid intake", "kind": "practice", "aliases": [ "hydration", "drinking water" ], "summary": "The single best-evidenced step to prevent recurrent kidney stones.", "typicalUse": { "form": "water through the day", "studiedRange": "enough to produce >2–2.5 L of urine/day" }, "pregnancy": "likely-safe" }, { "id": "zinc", "type": "remedy", "label": "Zinc", "kind": "nutrient", "aliases": [ "zinc acetate", "zinc gluconate", "zinc sulfate" ], "summary": "An essential mineral: lozenges can shorten colds, and oral zinc is a modest add-on for acne.", "typicalUse": { "form": "oral zinc salts (acetate/gluconate lozenges for colds; gluconate/sulfate tablets in acne trials)", "studiedRange": "~75–100 mg/day in divided lozenges started within 24 h for colds", "notes": "Long-term doses above ~40 mg/day elemental zinc can cause copper deficiency." }, "pregnancy": "caution" }, { "id": "zolpidem", "type": "remedy", "label": "Zolpidem", "kind": "drug", "aliases": [], "summary": "A non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic.", "typicalUse": null, "pregnancy": "unknown" } ], "edges": [ { "source": "muscle-cramps", "target": "calf", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "muscle-soreness", "target": "calf", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "chronic-venous-insufficiency", "target": "calf", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "gerd", "target": "chest", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "target": "chest", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "depression", "target": "brain", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "anxiety", "target": "brain", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "insomnia", "target": "brain", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "cognitive-decline", "target": "brain", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "gout", "target": "foot", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "plantar-fasciitis", "target": "foot", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "diabetic-neuropathy", "target": "foot", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "carpal-tunnel-syndrome", "target": "forearm", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "tendinopathy", "target": "forearm", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "rheumatoid-arthritis", "target": "hand", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "hand-osteoarthritis", "target": "hand", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "carpal-tunnel-syndrome", "target": "hand", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "migraine", "target": "head", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "tension-headache", "target": "head", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "allergic-rhinitis", "target": "head", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "hypertension", "target": "heart", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "high-cholesterol", "target": "heart", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "hip-osteoarthritis", "target": "hip", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "osteoporosis", "target": "hip", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "ibs", "target": "intestines", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "constipation", "target": "intestines", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "kidney-stones", "target": "kidneys", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "recurrent-uti", "target": "kidneys", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "knee-osteoarthritis", "target": "knee", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "low-back-pain", "target": "lower-back", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "target": "lower-back", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "common-cold", "target": "lungs", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "target": "neck", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "nafld", "target": "liver", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "target": "shoulder", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "type-2-diabetes", "target": "pancreas", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "acne-vulgaris", "target": "skin", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "atopic-dermatitis", "target": "skin", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "minor-burns", "target": "skin", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "gerd", "target": "stomach", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "nausea", "target": "stomach", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "muscle-soreness", "target": "thigh", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "sarcopenia", "target": "thigh", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "tendinopathy", "target": "upper-arm", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "target": "upper-arm", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "thyroiditis", "target": "thyroid", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "target": "upper-back", "type": "condition-located-at" }, { "source": "alginate", "target": "gerd", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Effective for relieving reflux symptoms — it forms a floating gel raft over stomach contents.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "alginate", "target": "alginate-leiman-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "gerd" }, { "source": "alginate", "target": "medlineplus-gerd", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "gerd" }, { "source": "aloe-vera", "target": "minor-burns", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Topical gel shortens second-degree burn healing time by ~4 days versus comparators, with no rise in infection risk; pooled trials are few and of limited quality.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "Long used as a topical remedy for burns and wounds.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "aloe-vera", "target": "aloe-burns-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "minor-burns" }, { "source": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "target": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "target": "diabetic-neuropathy", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces neuropathic symptoms (pain, burning, numbness); the effect is strongest and most clinically relevant for short-term intravenous dosing, with oral evidence smaller.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "target": "ala-neuropathy-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "diabetic-neuropathy" }, { "source": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "target": "carpal-tunnel-syndrome", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Small, mostly perioperative trials are mixed — ALA may reduce post-surgical pain but does not reliably improve nerve conduction.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "target": "ala-cts-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "carpal-tunnel-syndrome" }, { "source": "alpha-lipoic-acid", "target": "ala-cts-2018", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "carpal-tunnel-syndrome" }, { "source": "andrographis", "target": "common-cold", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces cold and sore-throat symptom severity and duration versus placebo across systematic reviews, though the underlying trials are of low quality.", "tradition": [ { "system": "tcm", "claim": "'Chuan Xin Lian' — used to clear 'heat' and treat sore throat and colds.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "andrographis", "target": "andrographis-arti-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "andrographis", "target": "andrographis-uri-2004", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "asian-ginseng", "target": "cognitive-decline", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Cochrane found no convincing cognitive benefit; a 2024 meta-analysis found at most a small memory-specific effect and nothing for overall cognition, attention, or executive function.", "tradition": [ { "system": "tcm", "claim": "A premier 'qi' tonic used for vitality and mental sharpness.", "alignment": "mixed" } ] }, { "source": "asian-ginseng", "target": "ginseng-cognition-cochrane-2010", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "cognitive-decline" }, { "source": "asian-ginseng", "target": "ginseng-cognition-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "cognitive-decline" }, { "source": "ashwagandha", "target": "withanolides", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "ashwagandha", "target": "anxiety", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces perceived stress, anxiety scores, and cortisol; trials are small and short.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "A classical \"rasayana\" (rejuvenative) adaptogen.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "ashwagandha", "target": "ashwagandha-chandrasekhar-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "ashwagandha", "target": "ods-ashwagandha", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "ashwagandha", "target": "insomnia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Standardized root extract (≥600 mg/day) modestly improves overall sleep quality and shortens time to fall asleep, with larger gains in diagnosed insomnia.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "ashwagandha", "target": "ashwagandha-sleep-2021", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "ashwagandha", "target": "ashwagandha-sleep-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "ashwagandha", "target": "ods-ashwagandha", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "beetroot", "target": "dietary-nitrate", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "beetroot", "target": "hypertension", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Modestly lowers blood pressure, especially with use over two weeks or more.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "beetroot", "target": "beetroot-bahadoran-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "bacopa", "target": "bacosides", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "bacopa", "target": "cognitive-decline", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May modestly improve memory free recall and speed of attention after ~12 weeks of daily use; trials are small and short, with little effect in other cognitive domains.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "'Brahmi' — a classical herb for memory and intellect.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "bacopa", "target": "bacopa-cognition-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "cognitive-decline" }, { "source": "bacopa", "target": "bacopa-cognition-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "cognitive-decline" }, { "source": "berberine", "target": "berberine", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "berberine", "target": "high-cholesterol", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Lowers LDL and triglycerides modestly; trials are small and mostly from one region.", "tradition": [ { "system": "tcm", "claim": "Used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine (goldenseal, Coptis, barberry).", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "berberine", "target": "berberine-ju-2018", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "high-cholesterol" }, { "source": "berberine", "target": "msk-berberine", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "high-cholesterol" }, { "source": "berberine", "target": "type-2-diabetes", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Consistently lowers fasting glucose and HbA1c across meta-analyses — comparable in size to some oral diabetes drugs — but trials are mostly small and from one region, capping confidence.", "tradition": [ { "system": "tcm", "claim": "Goldthread/Coptis traditionally used for 'sweet urine' and digestive heat.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "berberine", "target": "berberine-t2dm-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "berberine", "target": "berberine-t2dm-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "berberine", "target": "msk-berberine", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "berberine", "target": "simvastatin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "Berberine inhibits CYP3A4 and can raise levels of statins like simvastatin, increasing side-effect risk.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "beta-sitosterol", "target": "benign-prostatic-hyperplasia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Improved urinary symptoms (IPSS −4.9) and urine flow versus placebo in pooled trials, but the studies were few, short, and did not assess long-term outcomes or prostate size.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "beta-sitosterol", "target": "betasitosterol-bph-2000", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "benign-prostatic-hyperplasia" }, { "source": "black-cohosh", "target": "menopause-symptoms", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "The Cochrane review found no significant difference from placebo in hot flush frequency or menopausal symptom scores, and judged the evidence insufficient.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A traditional Native American and European remedy for women's complaints.", "alignment": "conflicts" } ] }, { "source": "black-cohosh", "target": "blackcohosh-menopause-cochrane-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "menopause-symptoms" }, { "source": "black-pepper", "target": "piperine", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "boswellia", "target": "boswellic-acids", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "boswellia", "target": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces knee OA pain and stiffness and improves function vs placebo over four weeks or more.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "'Shallaki' is a classical Ayurvedic remedy for arthritis and joint swelling.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "boswellia", "target": "boswellia-yu-2020", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "boswellia", "target": "msk-boswellia", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "boswellia", "target": "hand-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "insufficient", "summary": "The randomized hand-OA trial was negative; Boswellia's positive evidence is in the knee and doesn't transfer.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "boswellia", "target": "msk-boswellia", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "hand-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "butterbur", "target": "petasin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "butterbur", "target": "migraine", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "A PA-free extract (75 mg twice daily) cut migraine frequency about 48% vs 26% placebo — but safety concerns dominate the decision.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "European folk remedy for spasms, cough, and migraine.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "butterbur", "target": "butterbur-lipton-2004", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "migraine" }, { "source": "butterbur", "target": "nccih-butterbur", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "migraine" }, { "source": "butterbur", "target": "allergic-rhinitis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "A PA-free extract (Ze 339) repeatedly matched non-sedating antihistamines and beat placebo for allergic rhinitis; only certified PA-free products should be used.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "butterbur", "target": "butterbur-rhinitis-2002", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "allergic-rhinitis" }, { "source": "butterbur", "target": "butterbur-rhinitis-2005", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "allergic-rhinitis" }, { "source": "butterbur", "target": "nccih-butterbur", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "allergic-rhinitis" }, { "source": "calcium", "target": "osteoporosis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "With vitamin D, calcium reduces hip (~30%) and total fractures in older or institutionalized adults, though the benefit is small or absent in healthy community-dwellers; calcium alone raises bone density only ~1–2%.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "calcium", "target": "calcium-d-fracture-2016", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "osteoporosis" }, { "source": "calcium", "target": "calcium-fracture-jama-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "osteoporosis" }, { "source": "calcium", "target": "calcium-bmd-2015", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "osteoporosis" }, { "source": "calcium", "target": "levothyroxine", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "Calcium binds levothyroxine in the gut and reduces its absorption — separate doses by several hours.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "calcium", "target": "ciprofloxacin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "Calcium binds fluoroquinolone antibiotics and reduces their absorption — separate dosing.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "calcium", "target": "doxycycline", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "Calcium binds tetracycline antibiotics and reduces their absorption — separate dosing.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "capsaicin-cream", "target": "capsaicin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "capsaicin-cream", "target": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Applied to the skin, reduces OA joint pain vs placebo — at the cost of frequent transient burning at the site.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Cayenne has long been used topically as a warming counter-irritant for aches.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "capsaicin-cream", "target": "capsaicin-tshering-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "capsaicin-cream", "target": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Useful for localized musculoskeletal pain when rubbed on the affected area.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "capsaicin-cream", "target": "capsaicin-tshering-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain" }, { "source": "chamomile", "target": "anxiety", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May reduce generalized anxiety symptoms acutely; long-term relapse prevention is unproven.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A long-standing calming and sleep tea.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "chamomile", "target": "chamomile-amsterdam-2009", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "chamomile", "target": "nccih-chamomile", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "chasteberry", "target": "premenstrual-syndrome", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces PMS symptoms more than placebo across RCTs (large pooled effect), though the meta-analysis authors caution the effect is likely overstated by trial bias.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A traditional European herb for menstrual complaints.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "chasteberry", "target": "chasteberry-pms-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "premenstrual-syndrome" }, { "source": "chinese-skullcap", "target": "baicalin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "chondroitin", "target": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "A small-to-moderate short-term improvement in OA pain vs placebo; effect on joint structure is minimal and most trials are low quality.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "chondroitin", "target": "chondroitin-singh-2015", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "chondroitin", "target": "nccih-glucosamine-chondroitin", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "chromium", "target": "type-2-diabetes", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Some meta-analyses find modest reductions in fasting glucose and HbA1c (clearest for chromium picolinate), but others find no benefit, so results are inconsistent.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "chromium", "target": "chromium-t2dm-2020", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "cinnamon", "target": "cinnamaldehyde", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "cinnamon", "target": "type-2-diabetes", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May modestly lower fasting glucose, but trials are inconsistent and show no reliable HbA1c benefit; Cochrane judged the overall evidence insufficient.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "Used as a warming digestive and metabolic spice.", "alignment": "mixed" }, { "system": "tcm", "claim": "Used to 'warm' the body and aid circulation.", "alignment": "unstudied" } ] }, { "source": "cinnamon", "target": "cinnamon-cochrane-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "cinnamon", "target": "cinnamon-t2dm-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "clove", "target": "eugenol", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "colchicine", "target": "colchicine-alkaloid", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "colchicine", "target": "gout", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "A", "summary": "Low-dose colchicine effectively treats an acute gout flare — as effective as high-dose, with far fewer side effects.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "From the autumn crocus, used for gout since antiquity — a traditional remedy now a standard drug.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "colchicine", "target": "colchicine-terkeltaub-2010", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "gout" }, { "source": "colchicine", "target": "medlineplus-colchicine", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "gout" }, { "source": "colchicine", "target": "acr-gout-2020", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "gout" }, { "source": "collagen-peptides", "target": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Oral collagen peptides modestly reduce knee OA pain and improve joint function over about 3–6 months vs placebo.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "collagen-peptides", "target": "collagen-simental-2025", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "collagen-peptides", "target": "collagen-lin-2023", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "collagen-peptides", "target": "tendinopathy", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Collagen or gelatin taken before loading exercise increased tendon collagen and cross-sectional area in healthy people; relief of actual tendon pain is not yet proven.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "collagen-peptides", "target": "collagen-tendon-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "tendinopathy" }, { "source": "collagen-peptides", "target": "gelatin-collagen-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "tendinopathy" }, { "source": "comfrey", "target": "allantoin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "comfrey", "target": "low-back-pain", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Topical comfrey root extract reduces acute back pain and improves mobility vs placebo, comparably to topical diclofenac.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "'Knitbone' — long used topically for sprains, bruises and fractures.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "comfrey", "target": "comfrey-staiger-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "low-back-pain" }, { "source": "comfrey", "target": "msk-comfrey", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "low-back-pain" }, { "source": "comfrey", "target": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Topical comfrey ointment markedly reduced knee OA pain versus placebo in randomized trials.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "comfrey", "target": "comfrey-staiger-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "comfrey", "target": "msk-comfrey", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "cranberry", "target": "proanthocyanidins", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "cranberry", "target": "recurrent-uti", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces the risk of recurrent symptomatic UTIs in women by about a quarter (RR 0.74); a 2023 Cochrane update is more favourable than the older review. For prevention, not treating an active infection.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A long-standing folk remedy for bladder health.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "cranberry", "target": "cranberry-cochrane-2023", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "recurrent-uti" }, { "source": "creatine", "target": "sarcopenia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Added to resistance training, creatine produces extra gains in lean mass (~1.3 kg) and strength in older adults versus training alone — but it works only as an adjunct to training, not on its own.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "creatine", "target": "creatine-sarcopenia-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "sarcopenia" }, { "source": "coq10", "target": "migraine", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "About 300 mg/day modestly reduced migraine frequency and days, and was well tolerated.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "coq10", "target": "coq10-sandor-2005", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "migraine" }, { "source": "coq10", "target": "hypertension", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "A Cochrane review found no clinically significant effect on blood pressure in primary hypertension.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "coq10", "target": "coq10-bp-ho-2016", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "coq10", "target": "nccih-hypertension", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "coq10", "target": "fibromyalgia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "Two very small trials suggest CoQ10 may reduce fibromyalgia pain and fatigue, but it is not independently replicated.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "coq10", "target": "coq10-fibro-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "fibromyalgia" }, { "source": "d-mannose", "target": "recurrent-uti", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "Despite a plausible mechanism and popularity, the largest double-blind trial to date (MERIT, 598 women) found no significant benefit over placebo and concluded it should not be recommended for prevention.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "d-mannose", "target": "dmannose-merit-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "recurrent-uti" }, { "source": "devils-claw", "target": "harpagoside", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "devils-claw", "target": "low-back-pain", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "At 50–100 mg harpagoside/day, probably relieves low back pain short-term vs placebo (low-quality evidence).", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "Used in southern African (Khoisan) traditional medicine for pain, fever and digestion.", "alignment": "aligns" }, { "system": "western", "claim": "Adopted into European herbalism for back and joint pain.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "devils-claw", "target": "herbal-lbp-oltean-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "low-back-pain" }, { "source": "dgl-licorice", "target": "gerd", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May modestly reduce heartburn and reflux symptoms; evidence is limited and mostly for one branded extract.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A traditional digestive soothing remedy.", "alignment": "mixed" } ] }, { "source": "dgl-licorice", "target": "nccih-licorice", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "gerd" }, { "source": "echinacea", "target": "common-cold", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Does not reliably prevent or treat colds; any effect is small and preparation-dependent.", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "A Native American traditional immune remedy.", "alignment": "conflicts" } ] }, { "source": "echinacea", "target": "echinacea-karsch-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "echinacea", "target": "nccih-echinacea", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "elderberry", "target": "anthocyanins", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "elderberry", "target": "common-cold", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Small trials suggest elderberry shortens cold symptom duration (roughly halved in air travellers), but the evidence base is small and partly industry-linked, and a later influenza RCT found no benefit.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A traditional European remedy for colds and fevers.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "elderberry", "target": "elderberry-meta-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "elderberry", "target": "elderberry-travel-2016", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "eucalyptus", "target": "eucalyptol", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "fennel", "target": "anethole", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "fenugreek", "target": "soluble-fiber", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "fenugreek", "target": "type-2-diabetes", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Lowers fasting glucose (~20–27 mg/dL) and HbA1c (~0.54 points) across two meta-analyses; trials are small and heterogeneous in dose and form.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "Used traditionally for digestion, blood sugar, and lactation.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "fenugreek", "target": "fenugreek-t2dm-2023", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "fenugreek", "target": "fenugreek-t2dm-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "feverfew", "target": "parthenolide", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "feverfew", "target": "migraine", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May modestly reduce migraine attack frequency, but trials are inconsistent and low-quality.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Used for centuries in European herbalism for fevers and headaches.", "alignment": "mixed" } ] }, { "source": "feverfew", "target": "feverfew-wider-2015", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "migraine" }, { "source": "feverfew", "target": "nccih-feverfew", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "migraine" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "omega-3", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "rheumatoid-arthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Modestly reduces RA joint pain, morning stiffness and tender joints and can lower NSAID use, as an adjunct to standard therapy.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Cod liver oil is a traditional folk remedy for stiff, aching joints.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "omega3-goldberg-2007", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "rheumatoid-arthritis" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "nccih-omega3", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "rheumatoid-arthritis" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "hypertension", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "About 3 g/day modestly lowers blood pressure, most in untreated hypertensives.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "omega3-bp-zhang-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "ods-omega3", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "nafld", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May modestly reduce liver fat, but no clear effect on liver enzymes or histology.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "omega3-nafld-2025", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "nafld" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "ods-omega3", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "nafld" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "atopic-dermatitis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "insufficient", "summary": "One small pilot trial of high-dose DHA hinted at improvement, but the Cochrane review of supplements found no convincing benefit for eczema — too little to recommend.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "dha-eczema-2008", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "atopic-dermatitis" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "supplements-eczema-cochrane-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "atopic-dermatitis" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "depression", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "EPA-predominant omega-3 (higher-EPA formulas) gives a small-to-moderate benefit in major depression, clearest as an add-on to antidepressants; pure-DHA products show no clear effect.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "omega3-depression-2016", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "omega3-epa-depression-2009", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "age-related-macular-degeneration", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "AREDS2 — the only large purpose-built RCT — found omega-3 did not slow AMD progression at either 5 or 10 years (HR 1.01).", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "areds2-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "age-related-macular-degeneration" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "areds2-report28-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "age-related-macular-degeneration" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "willow-bark", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "Additive bleeding risk — both can reduce clotting.", "citationSource": "nccih-omega3" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "turmeric", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "minor", "mechanism": "Both may modestly increase bleeding risk.", "citationSource": "nccih-omega3" }, { "source": "fish-oil", "target": "warfarin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "High-dose fish oil has a mild antiplatelet effect that can add to warfarin's bleeding risk.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "garlic", "target": "allicin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "garlic", "target": "hypertension", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Modestly lowers blood pressure in people with hypertension (a few mmHg); trials are small and varied.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Long used for circulation and \"the blood\".", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "garlic", "target": "garlic-xiong-2015", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "garlic", "target": "nccih-hypertension", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "garlic", "target": "common-cold", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "insufficient", "summary": "Cochrane found only a single eligible trial; despite a striking result (24 vs 65 colds), the evidence is insufficient to recommend garlic for preventing colds.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "garlic", "target": "garlic-cold-cochrane-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "garlic", "target": "warfarin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "Garlic has antiplatelet activity that can add to warfarin's effect and increase bleeding risk.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "gingerols", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Modestly reduces OA pain and disability vs placebo, though some people stop because of GI upset.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "'Maha-aushadhi' — the great medicine — used for pain, inflammation and digestion.", "alignment": "aligns" }, { "system": "tcm", "claim": "Warms and moves; used for painful, cold patterns.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "ginger-bartels-2015", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "nccih-ginger", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "nausea", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces nausea of pregnancy and after surgery, and acute chemotherapy nausea — though it helps the nausea more reliably than the vomiting.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "A classic digestive carminative for nausea and indigestion.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "ginger-nvp-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "nausea" }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "ginger-ponv-2006", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "nausea" }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "ginger-ponv-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "nausea" }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "ginger-cinv-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "nausea" }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "nccih-ginger", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "nausea" }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "period-pain", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Oral ginger reduces menstrual pain more than placebo and about as well as NSAIDs, taken in the first days of the period.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "ginger-dysmenorrhea-2021", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "period-pain" }, { "source": "ginger", "target": "warfarin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "High-dose ginger may inhibit platelets, adding to warfarin's bleeding risk.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "ginkgo", "target": "cognitive-decline", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "The large GEM trial found no reduction in dementia (and if anything the wrong direction), and Cochrane judged its effect on existing dementia 'inconsistent and unreliable'.", "tradition": [ { "system": "tcm", "claim": "Ginkgo leaf/seed used traditionally for circulation and the mind.", "alignment": "conflicts" } ] }, { "source": "ginkgo", "target": "ginkgo-gem-2008", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "cognitive-decline" }, { "source": "ginkgo", "target": "ginkgo-cochrane-2009", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "cognitive-decline" }, { "source": "ginkgo", "target": "warfarin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "severe", "mechanism": "Ginkgo inhibits platelet aggregation — combined with warfarin this raises the risk of serious bleeding.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "glucosamine", "target": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Mixed and brand-dependent: patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate may modestly help pain and function, but other preparations show no clear benefit over placebo.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "glucosamine", "target": "glucosamine-towheed-2005", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "glucosamine", "target": "nccih-glucosamine-chondroitin", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "glucosamine", "target": "hip-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "The dedicated hip trial found no benefit over placebo — glucosamine's (disputed) positive data are knee-only.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "glucosamine", "target": "glucosamine-hip-rozendaal-2008", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hip-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "glucosamine", "target": "nccih-glucosamine-chondroitin", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "hip-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "green-tea", "target": "epigallocatechin-gallate", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "green-tea", "target": "catechin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "green-tea", "target": "high-cholesterol", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Lowers LDL and total cholesterol modestly (~4–5 mg/dL) across meta-analyses, with no effect on HDL or triglycerides.", "tradition": [ { "system": "tcm", "claim": "Long consumed as a healthful daily beverage.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "green-tea", "target": "greentea-lipids-2011", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "high-cholesterol" }, { "source": "green-tea", "target": "greentea-lipids-2020", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "high-cholesterol" }, { "source": "glycine", "target": "insomnia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "A small crossover study found 3 g before bed improved subjective sleep quality and shortened time to fall asleep on polysomnography; evidence rests on a few small studies.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "glycine", "target": "glycine-sleep-2007", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "gotu-kola", "target": "chronic-venous-insufficiency", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Standardized triterpene extract improved microcirculation and symptoms (leg heaviness, pain, edema) versus placebo, but trials are small with bias concerns.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "Used for wound healing, circulation, and the mind.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "gotu-kola", "target": "gotukola-cvi-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "chronic-venous-insufficiency" }, { "source": "gotu-kola", "target": "gotukola-cvi-2001", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "chronic-venous-insufficiency" }, { "source": "hibiscus", "target": "anthocyanins", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "hibiscus", "target": "hypertension", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure by ~4–5 mmHg.", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "A traditional African, Latin American, and Middle Eastern beverage for \"high blood\".", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "hibiscus", "target": "hibiscus-najafpour-2020", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "hmb", "target": "sarcopenia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "HMB alone modestly increased fat-free mass in older adults, but provided no additional benefit on top of an exercise program; trials are small and mixed.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "hmb", "target": "hmb-muscle-2021", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "sarcopenia" }, { "source": "holy-basil", "target": "eugenol", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "holy-basil", "target": "anxiety", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "An 8-week RCT lowered perceived stress and cortisol more than placebo, and a small GAD trial reduced anxiety — but trials are few, short, and partly industry-linked.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "'Tulsi' — a sacred herb taken daily as an adaptogen.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "holy-basil", "target": "holybasil-stress-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "holy-basil", "target": "holybasil-gad-2008", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "holy-basil", "target": "type-2-diabetes", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "An older crossover RCT and a systematic review show consistent modest reductions in fasting glucose and HbA1c, but most trials are small, short, and low-to-moderate quality.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "holy-basil", "target": "holybasil-t2dm-1996", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "holy-basil", "target": "holybasil-review-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "honey", "target": "common-cold", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces nighttime cough and improves sleep in children with a cold; likely better than some OTC cough medicines.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "An ancient cough and throat remedy.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "honey", "target": "honey-oduwole-2018", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "honey", "target": "nccih-colds", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "horse-chestnut", "target": "chronic-venous-insufficiency", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Standardized seed extract reduces leg pain and swelling versus placebo across RCTs pooled by Cochrane (leg volume −32 mL), though the underlying trial quality is low.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A European folk remedy for varicose veins and tired legs.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "horse-chestnut", "target": "horsechestnut-cvi-cochrane-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "chronic-venous-insufficiency" }, { "source": "iron", "target": "restless-legs-syndrome", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Probably reduces RLS severity (IRLS −3.78, moderate certainty); the strongest, guideline-prioritized case is correcting low ferritin. Check iron status before supplementing.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "iron", "target": "iron-rls-cochrane-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "restless-legs-syndrome" }, { "source": "kava", "target": "kavalactones", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "kava", "target": "anxiety", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "A Cochrane meta-analysis shows a real reduction in anxiety versus placebo (~5 points on the Hamilton scale), but the grade is capped by a documented risk of serious, sometimes fatal, liver injury.", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "A traditional Pacific Islander ceremonial and calming drink.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "kava", "target": "kava-anxiety-cochrane-2003", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "l-theanine", "target": "anxiety", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May reduce stress in healthy adults; weak evidence for diagnosed anxiety disorders.", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "A natural component of traditional tea.", "alignment": "mixed" } ] }, { "source": "l-theanine", "target": "msk-l-theanine", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "l-theanine", "target": "insomnia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Around 200 mg/day modestly improves subjective sleep quality and sleep latency; effects on objective sleep are inconsistent and many positive trials used combination products.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "l-theanine", "target": "theanine-sleep-2025", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "l-theanine", "target": "theanine-sleep-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "lavender", "target": "linalool", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "lavender", "target": "anxiety", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Oral lavender oil (Silexan 80 mg/day) reduces anxiety, comparable to low-dose paroxetine or lorazepam in trials.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A traditional calming aromatherapy herb.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "lavender", "target": "lavender-generoso-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "lavender", "target": "nccih-lavender", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "lemon-balm", "target": "rosmarinic-acid", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "lemon-balm", "target": "anxiety", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Pooled trials show a significant reduction in anxiety versus placebo, but the estimate is imprecise and based on few, small, heterogeneous studies.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A long-standing European folk remedy for nerves and restlessness.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "lemon-balm", "target": "lemonbalm-anxiety-2021", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "lemon-balm", "target": "lemonbalm-t2dm-2023", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "lemon-balm", "target": "cold-sores", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "A standardized topical lemon balm cream eased cold-sore symptoms and sped healing versus placebo in two small trials of one extract.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "lemon-balm", "target": "lemonbalm-hsv-1999", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "cold-sores" }, { "source": "licorice", "target": "glycyrrhizin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "lutein-zeaxanthin", "target": "lutein", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "lutein-zeaxanthin", "target": "age-related-macular-degeneration", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Did not beat placebo as a lone additive in AREDS2's primary analysis, but over 10 years it lowered progression to late AMD versus beta-carotene (HR 0.85) without beta-carotene's lung-cancer risk — now the recommended carotenoid in the formula.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "lutein-zeaxanthin", "target": "areds2-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "age-related-macular-degeneration" }, { "source": "lutein-zeaxanthin", "target": "areds2-report28-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "age-related-macular-degeneration" }, { "source": "lysine", "target": "cold-sores", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Some older RCTs (~1 g/day or more) reported fewer recurrences, but others and the Cochrane review found no benefit and rated the evidence very low quality; it does not speed healing.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "lysine", "target": "lysine-hsv-1987", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "cold-sores" }, { "source": "lysine", "target": "coldsores-cochrane-2015", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "cold-sores" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "muscle-cramps", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "For idiopathic or nocturnal leg cramps in older adults, magnesium is probably no better than placebo; pregnancy-related cramp data are inconsistent.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Popularly recommended for muscle cramps.", "alignment": "conflicts" } ] }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "magnesium-garrison-2020", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "muscle-cramps" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "ods-magnesium", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "muscle-cramps" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "migraine", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "About 600 mg/day modestly reduces migraine attack frequency; evidence is mixed but supportive.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "magnesium-peikert-1996", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "migraine" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "ods-magnesium", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "migraine" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "hypertension", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Small blood-pressure reduction, larger in people on BP medication or who are magnesium-deficient.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "magnesium-bp-2025", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "nccih-hypertension", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "hypertension" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "insomnia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May modestly shorten time to fall asleep in older adults; low-certainty evidence.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "magnesium-insomnia-mah-2021", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "ods-magnesium", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "type-2-diabetes", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Higher dietary magnesium intake is linked to a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes in large observational studies; this is a risk association, not proof that supplements treat established diabetes.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "magnesium-t2dm-2011", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "ods-magnesium", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "type-2-diabetes" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "premenstrual-syndrome", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Small trials suggest magnesium modestly eases PMS mood and fluid-retention symptoms, sometimes only after the first cycle.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "magnesium-pms-1991", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "premenstrual-syndrome" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "ods-magnesium", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "premenstrual-syndrome" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "restless-legs-syndrome", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "Only small open-label/uncontrolled studies support magnesium for restless legs; no placebo-controlled trial confirms a benefit.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "magnesium-rls-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "restless-legs-syndrome" }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "fibromyalgia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "A small RCT missed its primary endpoint but found a modest pain reduction; weak, mixed evidence.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "magnesium", "target": "magnesium-fibro-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "fibromyalgia" }, { "source": "melatonin", "target": "insomnia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Modestly shortens time to fall asleep and improves sleep quality; best for circadian/timing problems.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "melatonin", "target": "melatonin-ferracioli-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "melatonin", "target": "nccih-melatonin", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "melatonin", "target": "gerd", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "insufficient", "summary": "A few small studies suggest reflux symptom benefit, but the evidence is preliminary.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "melatonin", "target": "nccih-melatonin", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "gerd" }, { "source": "menthol-cream", "target": "menthol", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "menthol-cream", "target": "muscle-soreness", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "A cooling counter-irritant that gives short-term relief of muscle and musculoskeletal pain; evidence is limited and effects are modest.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Mint and peppermint have long been used topically for aches.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "menthol-cream", "target": "menthol-sundstrup-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "muscle-soreness" }, { "source": "menthol-cream", "target": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Provides short-term symptomatic relief when applied to the painful area.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "menthol-cream", "target": "menthol-sundstrup-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain" }, { "source": "milk-thistle", "target": "silymarin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "milk-thistle", "target": "nafld", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May modestly improve liver enzymes; effects on liver structure/fibrosis are unproven.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Long used in European herbalism to protect the liver.", "alignment": "mixed" } ] }, { "source": "milk-thistle", "target": "silymarin-wahkheong-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "nafld" }, { "source": "milk-thistle", "target": "nccih-milk-thistle", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "nafld" }, { "source": "niacinamide", "target": "acne-vulgaris", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Topical ~4% gel reduces inflammatory acne about as well as topical clindamycin over 8 weeks; trials are small/older and mostly active-comparator.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "niacinamide", "target": "niacinamide-acne-1995", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "acne-vulgaris" }, { "source": "niacinamide", "target": "niacinamide-acne-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "acne-vulgaris" }, { "source": "oregano", "target": "carvacrol", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "peppermint-oil", "target": "menthol", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "peppermint-oil", "target": "tension-headache", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "A 10% solution applied to the forehead and temples relieved tension headache about as well as 1000 mg acetaminophen.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Long used topically for headaches and aches.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "peppermint-oil", "target": "peppermint-gobel-1996", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "tension-headache" }, { "source": "peppermint-oil", "target": "msk-peppermint", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "tension-headache" }, { "source": "passionflower", "target": "anxiety", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Small RCTs suggest reduced anxiety — comparable to low-dose oxazepam in one GAD trial, and less pre-operative anxiety — but trials are few, small, and short.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A traditional calming 'nervine' for restlessness and sleep.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "passionflower", "target": "passionflower-anxiety-2001", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "passionflower", "target": "passionflower-preop-2008", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "passionflower", "target": "insomnia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Small trials show modest short-term sleep benefit (slightly more total sleep time, better self-rated quality), with most objective measures no better than placebo.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "passionflower", "target": "passionflower-sleep-2020", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "passionflower", "target": "passionflower-sleep-2011", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "peppermint-capsule", "target": "menthol", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "peppermint-capsule", "target": "ibs", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Improves global IBS symptoms and abdominal pain vs placebo.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A traditional carminative for digestive cramps.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "peppermint-capsule", "target": "peppermint-ibs-alammar-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "ibs" }, { "source": "peppermint-capsule", "target": "medlineplus-ibs", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "ibs" }, { "source": "plant-sterols", "target": "high-cholesterol", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "A", "summary": "About 2 g/day lowers LDL cholesterol by roughly 8–10%.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "plant-sterols", "target": "sterols-demonty-2009", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "high-cholesterol" }, { "source": "potassium-citrate", "target": "kidney-stones", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "A", "summary": "Reduces recurrence of calcium stones, especially in people with low urinary citrate.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "potassium-citrate", "target": "kcitrate-barcelo-1993", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "kidney-stones" }, { "source": "potassium-citrate", "target": "aua-kidney-stones", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "kidney-stones" }, { "source": "probiotics", "target": "ibs", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Some specific strains improve symptoms, but \"probiotics\" as a class are not reliably effective.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "probiotics", "target": "medlineplus-ibs", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "ibs" }, { "source": "probiotics", "target": "common-cold", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "A 2022 Cochrane review found probiotics reduce the chance of catching an upper respiratory infection (RR 0.76) and cut antibiotic use, though certainty is low-to-moderate and no specific strain can be recommended.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "probiotics", "target": "probiotics-urti-cochrane-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "psyllium", "target": "soluble-fiber", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "psyllium", "target": "high-cholesterol", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "A", "summary": "Lowers LDL cholesterol by roughly 5–10%.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "psyllium", "target": "psyllium-jovanovski-2018", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "high-cholesterol" }, { "source": "psyllium", "target": "ibs", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Soluble (not insoluble) fiber modestly improves overall IBS symptoms.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "psyllium", "target": "medlineplus-ibs", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "ibs" }, { "source": "psyllium", "target": "constipation", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "A bulk-forming laxative that increases stool frequency and softens stool.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "psyllium", "target": "medlineplus-constipation", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "constipation" }, { "source": "pumpkin-seed-oil", "target": "hair-loss", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "In one 24-week RCT in men, hair count rose ~40% vs ~10% on placebo — but the capsule was a proprietary multi-ingredient product, so the effect can't be pinned to pumpkin seed oil alone.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "pumpkin-seed-oil", "target": "pumpkinseed-aga-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hair-loss" }, { "source": "pygeum", "target": "benign-prostatic-hyperplasia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Modestly improved urinary symptoms and flow versus placebo — men were ~twice as likely to report improvement — but trials were small, short, and used non-standardized preparations.", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "Traditional African remedy for urinary complaints.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "pygeum", "target": "pygeum-bph-cochrane-2002", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "benign-prostatic-hyperplasia" }, { "source": "red-clover", "target": "menopause-symptoms", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "One meta-analysis found ~1.7 fewer hot flushes/day (strongest at higher doses), but another found the effect non-significant — so the benefit is small and inconsistent.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A traditional women's tonic.", "alignment": "mixed" } ] }, { "source": "red-clover", "target": "redclover-hotflash-2021", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "menopause-symptoms" }, { "source": "red-yeast-rice", "target": "monacolin-k", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "red-yeast-rice", "target": "high-cholesterol", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Lowers LDL ~15–25%, similar to a low-dose statin — because it contains lovastatin (monacolin K).", "tradition": [ { "system": "tcm", "claim": "A traditional Chinese food and medicine for circulation.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "red-yeast-rice", "target": "ryr-cicero-2021", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "high-cholesterol" }, { "source": "red-yeast-rice", "target": "nccih-red-yeast-rice", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "high-cholesterol" }, { "source": "rhodiola", "target": "depression", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Small RCTs suggest benefit in mild-to-moderate depression and it is better tolerated than sertraline, but the head-to-head trial did not clearly beat placebo and overall quality is low.", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "A traditional Scandinavian and Russian tonic for endurance and fatigue.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "rhodiola", "target": "rhodiola-depression-2015", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "rhodiola", "target": "rhodiola-depression-2007", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "riboflavin", "target": "migraine", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "High-dose riboflavin (400 mg/day) reduced migraine frequency with a low number-needed-to-treat.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "riboflavin", "target": "riboflavin-schoenen-1998", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "migraine" }, { "source": "riboflavin", "target": "ods-riboflavin", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "migraine" }, { "source": "rosemary", "target": "carnosic-acid", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "rosemary", "target": "hair-loss", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "In one comparative trial, topical rosemary oil matched minoxidil 2% for hair count at 6 months with less itching — but it was single-blind with no placebo, and unreplicated.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Traditionally rubbed on the scalp to stimulate hair growth.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "rosemary", "target": "rosemary-aga-2015", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hair-loss" }, { "source": "saffron", "target": "crocin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "saffron", "target": "depression", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Across several meta-analyses, ~30 mg/day reduces depression symptoms more than placebo and about as much as standard antidepressants; trials are small, short, and concentrated in Iranian research groups.", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "Used in Persian traditional medicine as a mood-lifting spice.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "saffron", "target": "saffron-depression-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "saffron", "target": "saffron-depression-2018", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "saffron", "target": "anxiety", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Meta-analysis shows a large reduction in anxiety symptoms versus placebo (Hedges g ≈ 0.95); trials are small, short, and geographically concentrated.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "saffron", "target": "saffron-anxiety-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "saffron", "target": "saffron-affron-youth-2018", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "anxiety" }, { "source": "sam-e", "target": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "insufficient", "summary": "Some small trials suggest pain relief comparable to NSAIDs, but the evidence is too low-quality to confirm a benefit.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "sam-e", "target": "same-rutjes-2009", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "sam-e", "target": "depression", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Genuinely mixed: one 2024 meta-analysis found SAMe monotherapy beat placebo, another found no benefit as monotherapy or add-on; trials are small with widely varied doses and routes.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "sam-e", "target": "same-depression-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "sam-e", "target": "same-adjuvant-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "sam-e", "target": "st-johns-wort", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "severe", "mechanism": "Both are serotonergic — combining them raises the risk of serotonin syndrome.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "sam-e", "target": "sertraline", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "severe", "mechanism": "SAMe is serotonergic — combined with an SSRI like sertraline it raises the risk of serotonin syndrome.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "saw-palmetto", "target": "benign-prostatic-hyperplasia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "High-certainty Cochrane evidence shows little to no difference from placebo in urinary symptoms or quality of life, even at higher doses.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A traditional remedy for urinary and prostate complaints.", "alignment": "conflicts" } ] }, { "source": "saw-palmetto", "target": "sawpalmetto-bph-cochrane-2023", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "benign-prostatic-hyperplasia" }, { "source": "saw-palmetto", "target": "sawpalmetto-bph-cochrane-2009", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "benign-prostatic-hyperplasia" }, { "source": "saw-palmetto", "target": "hair-loss", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Small trials suggest a modest reduction in hair fall and DHT, but it is clearly weaker than finasteride.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "saw-palmetto", "target": "sawpalmetto-aga-2023", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hair-loss" }, { "source": "senna", "target": "sennosides", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "senna", "target": "constipation", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reliably relieves constipation by stimulating bowel movement.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "An ancient and Unani/Arabic traditional laxative.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "senna", "target": "medlineplus-constipation", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "constipation" }, { "source": "selenium", "target": "thyroiditis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Lowers thyroid (TPO) antibody levels in studies; whether it changes the disease course is unproven.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "selenium", "target": "selenium-huwiler-2024", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "thyroiditis" }, { "source": "selenium", "target": "ods-selenium", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "thyroiditis" }, { "source": "soy-isoflavones", "target": "genistein", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "soy-isoflavones", "target": "menopause-symptoms", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduce hot flash frequency (~21%) and severity (~26%) versus placebo across RCTs, with a dose-response for higher-genistein products; effect is smaller than hormone therapy.", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "Populations with high soy intake report fewer hot flashes.", "alignment": "mixed" } ] }, { "source": "soy-isoflavones", "target": "soy-hotflash-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "menopause-symptoms" }, { "source": "spirulina", "target": "allergic-rhinitis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "A 150-patient double-blind trial found spirulina (~2 g/day) reduced nasal discharge, sneezing, congestion, and itching versus placebo, but the overall evidence base is small.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "spirulina", "target": "spirulina-rhinitis-2008", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "allergic-rhinitis" }, { "source": "st-johns-wort", "target": "hyperforin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "st-johns-wort", "target": "depression", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "For mild-to-moderate depression, standardized extracts beat placebo and match standard antidepressants with fewer side effects; confidence is capped by heterogeneity, product variability, and serious drug-interaction risk.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A long-standing European folk remedy for 'nervous' low mood.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "st-johns-wort", "target": "sjw-depression-cochrane-2008", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "st-johns-wort", "target": "sjw-interactions-2002", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "depression" }, { "source": "st-johns-wort", "target": "warfarin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "severe", "mechanism": "St John's wort induces CYP enzymes and lowers warfarin levels, reducing anticoagulation and risking clots.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "stinging-nettle", "target": "allergic-rhinitis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "insufficient", "summary": "In the main double-blind trial, placebo improved symptoms just as much as nettle (both on SNOT-22), and high dropout limits it — any specific benefit is unproven.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A folk remedy for hay fever and joint aches.", "alignment": "unstudied" } ] }, { "source": "stinging-nettle", "target": "nettle-rhinitis-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "allergic-rhinitis" }, { "source": "tea-tree-oil", "target": "acne-vulgaris", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Topical 5% gel meaningfully reduces acne lesions versus placebo, with effect comparable to benzoyl peroxide but slower; trials are small and few.", "tradition": [ { "system": "other", "claim": "Traditional Australian Aboriginal antiseptic for skin.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "tea-tree-oil", "target": "teatree-acne-2007", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "acne-vulgaris" }, { "source": "tart-cherry", "target": "anthocyanins", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "tart-cherry", "target": "muscle-soreness", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Aids recovery of muscular strength and power after hard exercise and modestly reduces soreness and some inflammatory markers.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "tart-cherry", "target": "tart-cherry-hill-2021", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "muscle-soreness" }, { "source": "tart-cherry", "target": "gout", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Regular cherry intake is linked to fewer recurrent gout flares, though no trial proves cause.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A folk remedy for gout.", "alignment": "mixed" } ] }, { "source": "tart-cherry", "target": "cherry-zhang-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "gout" }, { "source": "tart-cherry", "target": "insomnia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Tart cherry juice — a natural source of melatonin — produced small improvements in sleep time and efficiency in small crossover trials.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "tart-cherry", "target": "tartcherry-sleep-2010", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "tart-cherry", "target": "tartcherry-sleep-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "thyme", "target": "thymol", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "curcuminoids", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "knee-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces knee OA pain and improves function more than placebo, roughly comparable to NSAIDs with fewer GI effects over short-term use.", "tradition": [ { "system": "ayurveda", "claim": "Used as 'haridra', a primary anti-inflammatory for joints and swelling.", "alignment": "aligns" }, { "system": "tcm", "claim": "Used to invigorate blood and relieve pain.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "curcumin-zeng-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "nccih-turmeric", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "knee-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "hand-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "One small pilot trial suggests low-dose curcumin may improve hand OA pain and function.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "curcumin-hand-2025", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hand-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "nccih-turmeric", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "hand-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "hip-osteoarthritis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "insufficient", "summary": "Curcumin helps the knee, but it has not been studied specifically in hip OA.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "curcumin-zeng-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "hip-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "nccih-turmeric", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "hip-osteoarthritis" }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "fish-oil", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "minor", "mechanism": "Both may modestly increase bleeding risk; the additive effect is largely theoretical.", "citationSource": "nccih-turmeric" }, { "source": "turmeric", "target": "warfarin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "Curcumin may have antiplatelet effects that add to warfarin's bleeding risk.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "valerian", "target": "insomnia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May slightly improve subjective sleep quality, but evidence is low-quality.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "A long-standing European sedative herb.", "alignment": "mixed" } ] }, { "source": "valerian", "target": "valerian-bent-2006", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "valerian", "target": "nccih-valerian", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "insomnia" }, { "source": "vitamin-b6", "target": "nausea", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Reduces nausea of pregnancy across trials and reviews (a recommended first-line therapy, often with doxylamine); the effect on vomiting frequency is weaker and less consistent.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-b6", "target": "b6-nvp-2023", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "nausea" }, { "source": "vitamin-b6", "target": "b6-nvp-1991", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "nausea" }, { "source": "vitamin-b6", "target": "carpal-tunnel-syndrome", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "Long promoted for carpal tunnel, but controlled trials and a Cochrane review found no benefit on symptoms or nerve conduction.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-b6", "target": "b6-cts-cochrane-2003", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "carpal-tunnel-syndrome" }, { "source": "vitamin-b6", "target": "b6-cts-spooner-1993", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "carpal-tunnel-syndrome" }, { "source": "vitamin-c", "target": "gout", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "Lowers serum urate only trivially and does not treat established gout; higher intake may modestly lower the risk of developing gout. The 2020 ACR guideline recommends against adding it for gout.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Popularly recommended to \"flush\" uric acid.", "alignment": "conflicts" } ] }, { "source": "vitamin-c", "target": "vitc-stamp-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "gout" }, { "source": "vitamin-c", "target": "vitc-choi-2009", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "gout" }, { "source": "vitamin-c", "target": "ods-vitamin-c", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "gout" }, { "source": "vitamin-c", "target": "acr-gout-2020", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "gout" }, { "source": "vitamin-c", "target": "common-cold", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Does not prevent colds in the general population; regular intake shortens duration by ~8%.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-c", "target": "vitc-cold-hemila-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "vitamin-c", "target": "nccih-colds", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Supplementation does not reliably reduce chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain; low vitamin D is associated with pain, but correcting it has shown inconsistent benefit.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "vitamin-d-gaikwad-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "ods-vitamin-d", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "chronic-musculoskeletal-pain" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "osteoporosis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "D", "summary": "Vitamin D alone did not reduce fractures in non-deficient adults (the VITAL trial); its bone value lies mainly in correcting a true deficiency and pairing with calcium.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "vitd-fracture-vital-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "osteoporosis" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "ods-vitamin-d", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "osteoporosis" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "common-cold", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Daily or weekly vitamin D modestly cuts the odds of acute respiratory infections (aOR 0.88), with the largest benefit in deficient people; large bolus doses do not help.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "vitd-ari-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "ods-vitamin-d", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "sarcopenia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Only a small effect on muscle strength (mainly when correcting deficiency) and no reduction in falls — higher doses may even increase falls; resistance exercise is better evidenced.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "vitd-muscle-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "sarcopenia" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "vitd-falls-sturdy-2021", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "sarcopenia" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "ods-vitamin-d", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "sarcopenia" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "fibromyalgia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "Meta-analyses show a modest pain reduction, strongest in deficient patients, though some pain scales show no effect.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "vitd-fibro-2025", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "fibromyalgia" }, { "source": "vitamin-d", "target": "ods-vitamin-d", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "fibromyalgia" }, { "source": "vitamin-e", "target": "nafld", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "In non-diabetic adults with biopsy-proven NASH, improves liver inflammation/steatosis (but not fibrosis).", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-e", "target": "vite-pivens-2010", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "nafld" }, { "source": "vitamin-e", "target": "niddk-nafld", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "nafld" }, { "source": "vitamin-e", "target": "warfarin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "High-dose vitamin E can impair clotting and add to warfarin's bleeding risk.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "vitamin-k2", "target": "osteoporosis", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "C", "summary": "May improve spine bone density and possibly lower fractures in postmenopausal women, but the benefit largely disappears once higher-quality trials are isolated — not yet convincing.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "vitamin-k2", "target": "vitk2-bone-2022", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "osteoporosis" }, { "source": "vitamin-k2", "target": "vitk2-bone-2019", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "osteoporosis" }, { "source": "vitamin-k2", "target": "warfarin", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "Vitamin K directly opposes warfarin and can blunt its anticoagulant effect; needs INR monitoring.", "citationSource": null }, { "source": "whey-protein", "target": "sarcopenia", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Adding protein to a resistance-training program increased fat-free mass (~+0.69 kg) and leg-press strength (~+13.5 kg) more than training alone, in both younger and older adults.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "whey-protein", "target": "protein-rt-2012", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "sarcopenia" }, { "source": "willow-bark", "target": "salicin", "type": "remedy-contains-compound" }, { "source": "willow-bark", "target": "low-back-pain", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Standardized to 120–240 mg salicin/day, probably relieves low back pain short-term; 240 mg performed comparably to rofecoxib in one trial.", "tradition": [ { "system": "western", "claim": "Willow bark for fever and pain is ancient — it is the plant behind aspirin.", "alignment": "aligns" } ] }, { "source": "willow-bark", "target": "herbal-lbp-oltean-2014", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "low-back-pain" }, { "source": "willow-bark", "target": "msk-willow-bark", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "low-back-pain" }, { "source": "willow-bark", "target": "fish-oil", "type": "remedy-interacts-with", "severity": "moderate", "mechanism": "Additive bleeding risk.", "citationSource": "msk-willow-bark" }, { "source": "water-intake", "target": "kidney-stones", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "A", "summary": "Drinking enough to make more than ~2 litres of urine a day roughly halves stone recurrence.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "water-intake", "target": "hydration-borghi-1996", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "kidney-stones" }, { "source": "water-intake", "target": "aua-kidney-stones", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "kidney-stones" }, { "source": "zinc", "target": "common-cold", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "High-dose zinc lozenges started early may shorten a cold by a couple of days.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "zinc", "target": "zinc-hemila-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "zinc", "target": "nccih-colds", "type": "remedy-cites-source", "viaCondition": "common-cold" }, { "source": "zinc", "target": "acne-vulgaris", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "B", "summary": "Oral zinc modestly reduces inflammatory acne lesions and acne patients tend to have lower serum zinc; the effect is smaller than standard antibiotics or retinoids.", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "zinc", "target": "zinc-acne-2020", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "acne-vulgaris" }, { "source": "zinc", "target": "zinc-acne-2013", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "acne-vulgaris" }, { "source": "zinc", "target": "age-related-macular-degeneration", "type": "remedy-treats-condition", "grade": "A", "summary": "As part of the AREDS antioxidant-plus-zinc formula, zinc cuts progression to advanced AMD by ~25% in high-risk eyes — the strongest, most replicated AMD nutrition evidence (effect is for the combination, not zinc alone).", "tradition": [] }, { "source": "zinc", "target": "areds-report8-2001", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "age-related-macular-degeneration" }, { "source": "zinc", "target": "amd-antiox-cochrane-2017", "type": "remedy-cites-study", "viaCondition": "age-related-macular-degeneration" } ] }